Introduction to German Syntax

For 470:301, Fall 2006, Rutgers-Camden

  1. Wortschatz: Die Syntax, der Satzbau, die Wortstellung. Syntax = Regeln für den Bau der Phrase und des Satzes. Kurz: Wortstellung.
  2. Most fundamental principle, single most important rule: Verb second!
  3. Very useful theory of German syntax: the verbal bracket, aka prongs and fields, aka Verbklammer.
    1. Idea is that the two parts of the predicate form a framework for the syntax of the entire sentence.
    2. Vorfeld, front field. Can be almost any sentence element, but only one sentence element can appear in the front field. Remember, though: an "element" can be a long clause. 
      1. A few things can appear as a "zero element" in front of the front field. These are the coordinating conjunctions, "ja," "nein," etc. See MGG 5.3 for a list of several.
      2. English speakers must forget their expectation that the subject should come first. The front field may be filled by the subject, but very often it is filled by something else.
    3. V1, erster Prädikatsteil, first prong: always a finite, i.e. conjugated verb. Either the main verb of the sentence, an auxilliary verb, or a modal. 
    4. Mittelfeld, middle field. Many elements can appear here; multiple elements can appear here. 
    5. V2, zweiter Prädikatsteil, second prong. The idea is that this is the completion of the predicate. However, direct and indirect objects, even if they may be seen as "completing" the verb, are not V2 elements, but middle field elements. Many elements can appear in V2. Multiple elements can appear in V2.  Was ist aber der zweite Prädikatsteil?
                                                                Einfluss ausüben
                                                                Anerkennung finden
                                                                zur Anwendung kommen / bringen
                                                                Mitteilung machen
                                                                in Verlegenheit geraten

                                            Das Verb hat in diesen Verbindungen keine eigentliche Bedeutung. Die lexikalisch Bedeutung wird durch das Nomen bestimmt.”                                                 (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Verb/VollHilfModal/Funktionsverb.html)
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