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r.u. camden
Assignment Three
Examine the clues provided and determine the correct match from either of the two groups. When all of the identifications have been completed submit your results to the professor. Please enter you name before you submit your results.
Name
Early in the 1820's this intelligent man put aside his farming a pursued with dermination the creation of a written version of his Cherokee language. Eventually he succeeded with a 68 charachter alphabet. His tribe tried in every way to conform to the white standards that had overtaken his Georgia homeland - tehy divided their village lands into farms, they adopted white dress, adopted Christianity, learned to read and write and tried to be good neighbors. But the endless stream of immigrants jealously sought their lands. Finally President Andrew Jackson was pressurred to demand that all Indians relinquish their possessions and walk to Indian Territory. Along the Trail of Tears as it came to be known that rugged winter, over one-fourth of the trive died from starvation or exposure.
The conclusion of the war of 1812, initiated
a series of treaties that nibbled away chunk after chunk of Indian territory
west of Lake Huron. A village and its surroundings fields would be reserved
for the tribe, but the hunting and berring lands between villages, and
the fishing streams were opened to white settlement. A Sioux warrior who
had led battles against the Osage and Cherokee returned in 1829 from a
regular extended winter hunt to find Euro-American homesteaders not only
in his village's farmlands, but living in his house! He organized many
villages to fight the intruders, but not enough. In one last attempt to
hold the Euro-Americans, this warrior fought the battle in present day
Illinois, but was forced to retreat ever westward. In the summer of 1832,
most of his band were killed by U.S. troops. This warrior was displayed
as a conquered enemy. Finally, he was allowed to return to the remnants
of his people who had fled to Iowa.
The traditional peoples of the head of the Klamath River, in NE California and adjacent Oregon are the Klamath and Modoc, whose languages are Penutian. They collected roots and seed plants, caught salmon and hunted deer and waterfowl. A round earth lodge built over a pit was the winter dwelling; mat houses were used in summer camps, like other plateau cultures. But like Northwest Coastal cultures, there was some emphasis on material wealth and status. Though not abused, women slaves were treated as concubines and their children relegated to low status.
Modac leaders including women with oratorical abilities were invited to exercise power, linking them culturally to California. A treaty in 1869 forced the Klamath and Modoc to leave their area and move to a small area in Oregon. Many younger Modoc resented the capitulation of their older leaders to the U.S. domination and refused to remain on this small reservation. Under their leader, these independent Modocs remained on their traditional land and collected rent from invading settlers. By 1873, whites openly waged war against them. When a peace treaty commissioner was killed, the Modocs were soon defeated. This leader and two others were hanged, two were sentenced to life imprisonment at Alcatraz and 155 prisoners of war (more than 1/3 Modoc children) were sent in chains to Oklahoma, where they were eventually settled on a reservation in the eastern part of the state. Some returned in 1909 when their exile was revoked, but their land was gone. The Klamath Reservation was terminated by Congress in 1954.
A native of Mason Valley, Nevada, this man grew up as a traditional Northern Paiute, living by fishing, hunting and gathering seeds, berries, and pine nuts. As a young man it was said he could control the weather. He followed his father's traditional beliefs and practices.
In 1889, he fell ill with a high fever and had a vision of the Paiutes of the past enjoying themselves. He was told to go back to earth and tell the people to cease war and quarreling, to love one another, and if they obeyed God's commands, they would eventually be reunited with their loved ones in the happy world above. He was told to have the people dance as a means of relaying this message. He was also given a healing power. Word of the Paiute prophet spread rapidly to the Plains tribes. Deprived of buffalo and with little other game to hunt, their attempts at crops frustrated with drought and grasshoppers during the 1880s, the Indians had plenty of time to discuss supernatural revelation. Many songs were composed for what was now being called the Ghost Dance. Delegations from many tribes came to visit and were converted. Claims were made that the pre-invasion world of the Native American would be restored. He was said to claim shirts could stop bullets, although the prophet denied this when told.
The government has granted a section of the Wallowa Valley in NE Oregon to the Nez Perce in 1873. Two years latter, it bent to Euro-American immigrants and revoked this grant. The band was reluctant to leave their beautiful little refuge where their famous horse herds had flourished and they had small farms. After two more years of futile pleas from this leader, the band was literally driven form its homeland by a military escort intending to ensure its removal to the reservation decreed for the Nez Perce. Minor skirmishes ensued, touched off by a young man avenging the murder of his father by a settler. This leader was determined to lead his people to Canada to obtain safety in Grandmother's Land. They invaded the ensuing troops through the summer, but as they got into the Rockies in October, they were forced to surrender. They were only 50 miles from the border and over 1000 miles from their beautiful Wallowa Valley, but their leader, seeing the suffering of his disparaged people, said, "I will fight no more forever."
They were exiled to Oklahoma in 1877, but finally were allowed to return
in 1884 to the Corville Reservation in N.E. Washington. They were still
considered prisoners of war and were forced to live with the other tribes
who resented them. They refused to accept farming allotments, insisting
on living in traditional tipis. This leader died in 1904, long after his
nine children, most of whom had died in Indian Territory, Oklahoma.
This Lakota leader was frightened by the murder of Sitting Bull by reservation police. In the bitter cold of late December 1890, he led his band away from Standing Rock reservation in northern South Dakota, to travel to the Pine Ridge agency to the south, where his people might be safe. They rode almost 200 miles in below zero temperatures until they reached Wounded Knee Creek where there was a Catholic mission. But in an early morning raid, white soldiers, anxious to avenge Custer's cavalry, fired howitzers on the sleeping camp. Over two hundred Indians were killed with babies and children shot again and again. While they danced the Ghost Dance and wore Ghost shirts to protect themselves, most were gunned down or froze, including their leader, who had been famous for his diplomacy.
This great Sioux Chief was a spiritual leader, but not a war leader. He led the Hunkpapa division of the Sioux, refusing to be confined to a small reservation after whites claimed South Dakota that originally had been given to the Lakota, "as long as the rivers flow and the grass shall grow."
In an early morning raid on the Sioux and the Cheyenne villagers, this man's wife and daughter were killed. Later that afternoon the tribes took revenge in what would eventually be called "Custer's Last Stand." As the battle ended in the afternoon, this holy man surveyed the day's slaughter and prayed for all those who perished, native and solider alike.
Years latter. driven by solider attack and starvation after the 4 million buffalo were killed, this leader and his harried band settled on the Standing Rock Reservation near the border of N. Dakota. Rations were drastically reduced in the winter of 1890 for the fourth year in a row by the new agent from Washington. Government troops were called in to keep order. Area whites were asked to identify Indian leaders. This leader was subsequently arrested and murdered by police as he waited for his horse to be saddled. His death sent shock waves and fear across the imprisoned, starving population, many of who left immediately for what they perceived as safe refuge on the Pine Ridge Reservation several hundred miles south through the treacherous cold.
This young Sioux warrior made a name for himself as a decoy in battle. His bravery enabled the Sioux to win many battles with the American military, sent out to secure the Oregon Trail and to search the sacred Black Hills for gold. As more miners and settlers poured into the area of western Nebraska and South Dakota, eastern Wyoming and southern Montana. The Sioux were pressed for their traditional hunting grounds. As white hunters combed the plains, hunters, anxious to eradicate the buffalo, the main source for food and material goods for the Sioux (Lakota), this leader refused to come into the reservation and accept government handouts. He earned the respect of his people for his exemplary personal integrity, his bravery, and his leadership. The Hunkpatila band of the Sioux followed this great leader and refused to join Red Cloud's people who had agreed to settle on the Pine Ridge Reservation in the Dakota Territory. But the beleaguered group continued to hunt in the sacred Black Hills, keep their beliefs, and rituals, and practice the annual Sun Dance ritual of denial and sacrifice. The Army pursued these free people insisting that they conform to the Treaty they had never signed. They were attacked repeatedly and joined with the Cheyenne in resistance. Their villages were attacked one morning by the white soldiers who killed many women and children, as the men ran for their horses. The afternoon revenge came to be called Custer's Last Stand, when the white "squaw killer" as he was known by the Indians, was finally killed.
Instead of maintaining their required number of horses by breading, the Utes traded to the Spanish for horses, usually giving a captive or one of their own children. In the latter case, the child was not a slave, but a foster child who was to be trained as a shepherd or cowboy, in exchange for his labor, and who could return to his Ute relatives. This chief, born about 1820, spent his youth as a shepherd with a Hispanic family in what is now New Mexico. The Utes were Rocky Mountain Indians, and for a generation they had watched the invading white men move into their Colorado country like swarms of grasshoppers. In those days Utes believed the white men were their allies and enjoyed exchanging buffalo hides for the goods in Denver. In 1863, Governor John Evans met with this Ute to sign a treaty giving all land west of the Continental Divide to the Ute, and reserving the eastern portion for the Euro-Americans. The Americans then paid the Utes for permission to dig for the minerals on their land. Five years latter, the whites felt the Indians had too much land. This half-Apache, half-Ute who spoke both languages as well as fluent Spanish and English, was taken to Washington, D.C. When the land hungry politicians tried to put him on the defensive, the handsome chief took his case to the press. Instead of accepting a small corner of western Colorado, he held out for 16 million acres and included language that no unauthorized white men would "ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in" the territory assigned to the Ute. But eventually pressure by miners forced the Utes to sell much of their land in a new treaty which included an annual salary to the Chief for ten years, as long as he remained a peaceful chief.
The American Revolution posed a dilemma for the Iroquois. From what they could observe, it was a fratricidal war between Englishman, one that seemed none of their business. The British, however, expected their traditional allies, the Six Nations, to aid them. Many Iroquois (The MO hawk, Oneida, Onandaga, Seneca, Cayuga and Tuscarora) had little love for the Americans, who had been pushing then into the Ohio Valley, where the Shawnee and other nations, whom the Iroquois Confederacy had been protecting, lived and hunted. When the Iroquois conditions for neutrality were violated, this man advocated opposing the American plea to avoid the conflict. Many Iroquois joined the British, though some sided with the Americans. This MO hawk Christian became Captain of the Six Nations for putting together large raiding parties that ranged far west of the Niagara during the American Revolution.
But the Great League of the Iroquois was broken by the war between "Father and Son". Torn between these forces, it is said that the Grand Council of the League met at Onondaga and finding itself unable to reach unanimity on what policy to follow, the Sachems of the League extinguished their council fore for the duration. This meeting, which proved to be the culminating session of the league, left affairs in the hands of the war chiefs, most of whom fought for the British. He lead the MO hawks above the border to Canada, eventually settling on a reservation where he helped translate the Gospel into MO hawk.
Repudiated by allies and enemies alike to be one of the greatest Indians to ever live, this Shawnee brought more tribes together, to oppose the white invasion than any other. Not only was he a brave warrior, he was a famous orator, intelligent, wise and humane. He alone challenged all Native Americans to unite to defend their homeland. He defended the Indian territory, so designated as an Indian state by the Easterners who pushed the natives west from Pennsylvania and Ohio. He was born in March 1768, in a village on the Mad River in what is now SW Ohio of a Shawnee father born in Florida and a Creek mother born in Alabama. This man's name meant Panther Lying in Wait. Bands of Shawnee ranged all over the south from Indiana to Mississippi, east to Florida and north to Pennsylvania. Panther Lying in Wait willingly traveled throughout this territory in the later 1700's and early 1800's to unite his Native American family against the coarse interlopers who came in trickles and then in droves to fill their hunting grounds. When his father was killed by a frontiersman who refused to honor the treaty which gave Ohio to the Indians, the young warrior realized who his real enemy was. Though they waged a brilliant campaign, the native peoples lost Ohio and were forced back to Indiana. Then a new enemy, alcohol, was used to defeat the tribes. But still this great leader organized and inspired a common resistance holding the enormous tide at bay for another 30 years before being killed in battle for the control of Fort Detroit.
Years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, this Massachusetts Indian had been seized by European fishermen and sold as a slave in Spain in 1614. He eventually was taken to England where he spent several years in bondage. Finally he was able to board a fishing boat which took him to Newfoundland and then to make his way back down the coast toward home. When the first English Colonists began to eke out a better existence in the tough winter in a new world, they found an English-speaking friend in this kindly man. He taught them to plant maize, rather than European grain and the French technique of fertilizing with fish he had learned in Europe. The Plymouth settlers came to rely heavily on his advice and it was he who kept the colonists from being wiped out entirely by the hardships they faced in their world. But with survival came more colonists, bringing their foreign diseases, which eventually killed all of this man's tribe except those who had been sold as slaves to the great plantations in the island colonies of the Caribbean by the marauding slave ships that patrolled the Eastern seaboard.
When all of the identifications have been completed submit your results to the professor. Please enter your name at the beginning of this document before submitting your results to ensure proper credit