April 25.   Democracy Movement in Nepal. 

April 21:   Saudi Arabia story in Inquirer. 
    Extra Credit Presentations:
       Karla Blevins -  Animal Rights Movement
       Kristy Loringer - Abortion issue -  pro-life strategies(?)
       Bilal Zivali -  Global Health -  Gates Foundation  -  needs to focus on the social movement aspects of this

The Gates Foundation founded by Bill and Melinda Gates work with various world 
governments, other NGOs, and activists like Bono to tackle such issues as world poverty, 
global health equity and education.  In 2005 Bill Gates, Melinda Gates, and Bono were 
named "Persons of the Year" by the Time Magazine.  The Gates Foundation is a social 
movement organized by wealthy elites to help the less fortunate individuals around the 
world.  I will be examining the question why these wealthy individuals organized such a 
group to tackle such issues.

       Matthew Mushall -  PIRG  -  literature review not yet filed -  See my article on Ralph Nader, the founder of PIRG. 
  Others that were suggested did not file Literature Review assignment (as yet).  Paulo Hernandez, Gay Rights in Germany;   Rhonda Lusby, Indigenous Australians;  Emma Samuels, TBA;  April Zelley, Latin American Movements [needs to be narrowed down], Catherine DiSalvatore, Women's Movement (needs to be narrowed down).
   
        Movement Observations filed in the Discussion List  (carry extra attendance credit):

Lynette Davis, Move About Ciudad Juarez":

The film "Missing Young Women" was a really sad but interesting film. I didn't catch all of 
it but what I did find out was shocking. In Ciudad Juarez, between 200-400 women were 
killed. The city itself attracts many poor people looking for work, as it is a major money 
making city. The city models itself after other very industrial capitalists cities and like 
America makes millions off illegal drug trade. The movie gave testimonies of mothers of 
victims along with pictures of the girls and the date they went missing. Most of the victims 
were poor, thin, and had shoulder length hair. After the government tried to ignore the 
pleas for justice, they eventually took action and captured an Egyptian man who 
committed many murders and his followers called the "rebels" gang. What was sad about 
the movie was by the time I left the session even with the capture of these criminals, 
women were still missing and bodies were still being found with no explanation as to who 
were killing hundreds of young women.

Colleen Trainor, PIRG event
This Saturday (March 4th) the NJPIRG Camden Chapter is hosting a shelter visit to the Liberty House 
in Camden. We still need a couple volunteers. If anyone is interested please email me at 
ctrainor@camden.rutgers.edu. Not only will you be helping young children but you can probably earn 
extra credit by writing up a summary of what you did for class. Thank you.

Kimberly Rudolph - Frank Fulbrook on Drug Legalization    -   Stop the Drug War Coalition 

     On Thursday, during the free period, I attended this speech in one of the conference 
rooms. The speaker was someone named Frank Fulbrook who is a resident and activist in 
Camden, and this is his agenda for fixing the crime rate in the city. The majority of the 
meeting consisted of Mr. Fulbrook not so much describing his detailed plans on how to 
revitalize Camden by legalizing all drugs, but was mostly used to plead his case on why 
drugs should have never been outlawed in the first place.
     He went into depth with how each drug became prohibited, by whom, under what 
circumstances, etc, which most people who watch the History Channel would know.  What 
was different was his theory on why they were outlawed.  He believes the criminalization 
of drugs was based on the white man's fear of their white women being corrupted by the 
effects of these drugs. His statement was these laws were created because of the "white 
men in power feared white women would be seduced by non-white men under the 
influence of mind-altering drugs.".  
     I had expected the meeting to be more of a political roundtable type of discussion of 
a new agenda to clean up the crime in camden, then one man's conspiracy theory. 
Nontheless, that was most of it, with a few people speaking up in the end about how 
there was no long term plan in place after drugs had been decriminalized, and that 
perhaps that wouldn't solve the problem entirely. 

Robyn Dufrain Amnesty  (see message 66).  

   
  
April 19:    Discussion of Hate Crimes and Hate Crime Legislation.   Outrage at Funeral Protests. 

April 18 6:30  Event
“Globalization and the Current French Crisis”
A Roundtable Discussion with Andrew Daily
Graduate Fellow, Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis
Uri Eisenzweig Professor of French and Comparative Literature,
Director of the Center for European Studies
Joshua Humphreys Associate Fellow, Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis
Max Likin Associate Fellow, Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis
Tuesday, April 18, 2006, 6:30pm
The Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis Seminar Room  88 College Avenue, Rutgers College New Brunswick

April 13 -  The eruption of social movements in Europe in recent months has been a surprise.  Jeremy Rifkin's book, The European Dream:  How Europe's Vision of the Future is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream, has been reduced to $8.99 on amazon.com. Here is his argument summarized in a Publisher's Weekly review:
Why are so few Americans paying attention to the dramatic changes taking place across the Atlantic, Rifkin (The End of Work) asks in his provocative and well-argued manifesto for the new European Union. Famously, Americans "live to work" while Europeans "work to live," and Rifkin demonstrates statistically and anecdotally that Europe's humane approach to capitalism makes for a healthier, better-educated populace. The U.S. lags behind in its unimaginative approach to working hours, productivity and technology, Rifkin claims, while Europe is leading the way into a new era while competing well in terms of productivity. Rifkin traces the cultural roots of what he says is America's lack of vision to its emphasis on individual autonomy and the accumulation of wealth; Europe's dream is more rooted in connectedness and quality of life. Americans may be risk takers, but Rifkin is more admiring of risk-sensitive European realism, as well as its secularism and social democracy. Exploring the history behind the two continents' wildly differing sensibilities, Rifkin examines the myth of the U.S. as "land of opportunity" and the two continents' contrasting attitudes to foreign policy, peace keeping and foreign aid. Rifkin's claims are not new, but he writes with striking clarity, combining the insights of contemporary sociologists and economists with up-to-the minute data and powerfully apt journalistic observations. While he may appear to idealize Europe's new direction, Rifkin's comparative study is scrupulously thorough and informative, and his rigor will please all readers interested in the future of world affairs.  Video with Rifkin. 

What went wrong? 
1.   Dependence on immigrants for labor due to low birth rate and unwillingness to take manual labor jobs.
2.   Lack of a tradition of absorbing immigrants or desire to absorb them.
3.   Conflict between Islamic culture and Christian culture (a difference with US immigration which is largely Hispanic Catholic & other Christian).
4.   Unwillingness to accept what is necessary to adjust to the global economy? 

Two cases: 

The Dutch Model by Jane Kramer (in WEBCT)
1.   Dramatic conflict of cultures between Dutch and Moslem immigrants
2.   Europeans never thought of themselves as living in immigration countries.
3.  Murder of Theo Van Gogh was foretold on WEB sites, he was deliberately provocative.
4.   Dutch culture non-provoctive, Van Gogh was challenging that culture and was appreciated for it
5.   Dutch multicultural model, each "pillar" of society can have its own realm, very different from the French etatiste model, works for the Catholic and Protestant communities
6.  Let the immigrants "rot in their own privacy"?
7.  Sept 11 gave alienated Muslim youth a narrative, a way of maintaining their self-esteem.  Marxist rhetoric, attacking capitalism, imperialism, plays the same role.
8.  The gay rights movement is particularly offensive to many Moslems, as is nude sun bathing.
9.   Feminism offensive to traditional Moslem values, Moslem men go home to find women, women stay home and have lots of children.
9.  Potential immigrants now asked to view a video showing gay rights marches, nuce sun bathers
10.  Immigrants must pass an exam in Dutch. 
11.   Moslems view themselves as victims of discrimination and xenophobia

Submission:  Van Gogh's Movie:   Video, Submission
Working from a script written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali, van Gogh created the 10-minute movie Submission. The movie deals with the topic of violence against women in Islamic societies; telling the stories of four abused Muslim women. The title itself, "Submission", is the translation of the word "Islam" in english. In the film, the women's naked bodies are veiled with semi-transparent shrouds as they kneel in prayer, telling their stories as if they are speaking to Allah. Qur'anic verses unfavourable to women are painted on their bodies in Arabic . After the movie was released in 2004, both van Gogh and Hirsi Ali received death threats. Van Gogh did not take these very seriously and refused any protection - reportedly telling Hirsi Ali: "Who would want to kill the village idiot?" The movie was perceived by the Islamic community as an inaccurate perception of Islamic teachings (Wikipiedia).  CBS commentary.  Transcript of film. 

We Will Not be Thrown Away by Angelique Chrisafia.  See highlighted points in the article.

Comments from a Moroccan French writer.   

Movie, The Laramie Project. 

April 11    How the State and Social Movements use the Media and how the Media shapes movements.

In densely populated communities, such as urban ghettos or college campuses, movements may grow through direct interpersonal contact.  Social movements rely on the media to get their message out to a broader public.  When the government or powerful groups are threatened or disturbed by a movement, they also react through the media.  Terrorist acts often seem to be designed to get media publicity, and sometimes groups gruesome videos on the Internet to get publicity.  The chapters here discuss several historical examples. 
    *  The Nuclear Freeze was thought up by a young disarmament researcher, Randall Forsberg, in 1980.  It was a simple idea, instead of negotiating disarmament, the US and the USSR should simply stop developing new nuclear weapons and "freeze" their arsenals where they were.  It was extremely popular, and a resolution was introduced into Congress and almost passed in 1982.  It was very threatening to the military-industrial complex.  In response, President Ronald Reagan, gave a nationally televised address announcing a Strategic Defense Initiative.  Reagan News Conference Video.  This came to be known coloquially as "Star Wars".  It captured much of the rhetorical initiative because it also promised to end the threat of nuclear war.  It became a debate about feasibility.  It did not actually involve much change in what the military was already doing.  Reagan's supporters now believe that the Star Wars initiative contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union by putting a difficult burden on the Soviet economy.
  *  Farm Workers Movement - Jenkins and Perrow say that the success of the movement under Cesar Chavez was due to a change in the political environment - support from liberals, a successful boycot and pressure on supermarkets not to carry "scab grapes".  A previous group, the NFLU, had failed to organize farm workers.  They are not covered by the NLRB, and there is a large supply of farm labor from Mexico, so strikes are difficult and ineffective.  Labor legislation exempted agriculture on the grounds that agriculture is especially vulnerable to strikes because crops rot if not picked.  The UFW used dramatic protests, relying on support from clergy, celebrities, etc.  Marshall Ganz stresses how the union mobilized this support, in part by maintaining a more democratic, movement-like organizational structure that attracted volunteer enthusiasm.  See the table on page 299 in the book.  They had Spanish slogans - Viva La Causa,  Huelga - and tapped into support for minority rights.  UFW Video. 
   *  The New Left.  "The Whole World is Watching"  came from the SDS demonstrations during the Chicago democratic convention in 1968, referred to by the left as a "police riot" but provoked by demonstrators.  The world was watching, but most viewers sympathized with the police.
Gitlin claims that the media highlight deprecatory themes to frame movement events:
    1.  Trivialization, focusing on dress, language, style
    2.   Polarizing - balancing coverage with counter-demonstrations
    3.  Emphasis on dissension
    4.   Disparagement of numbers at demonstrations and of the movement's effectiveness
    5.   Emphasis on violence, communist infiltration
    6.   Use of negative terminology, putting terms in "quote marks" 
The movement often played into this, especially certain publicity-oriented leaders who thought that they could use the media in this way:     Abbie Hoffman Speech.    Photos. Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman and Pigasus . 

The terrorist movements we confront today make one nostalgic for the days of Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin and the New Left, although the Vietnam War was deadly serious.  Terrorists make use of the media, indeed one might say that without the media to publicize the events it would be very difficult to terrorize a population.  The goal of terrorism is to create fear in a vulnerable population, thus forcing a strong enemy to give in to demands it could not be forced to concede to by conventional means.  This point is made in "The Media's Role in Terrorism" by Brigitte Nacos (in WEBCT).  Terrorists' Visual Warfare Uses the Media as a Weapon.   Gruesome coverage is clearly intended to intimidate people, as in videos of beheadings [these are gruesome, use your own judgment about watching them] posted by jihadist groups. 
Mosaic News from the Middle East.  Iraq Invasion Media Coverage.  Terrorism and the Media. 


April 7 -  Extra Credit Proposals Due.  Karla Blevins is doing a report on the Animal Rights Activists, looking at why it emerged and why people support it.  Story on pro-research activist.   Matthew Mushall will do a report on PIRG.  Here are their proposals, just to show you what is required.  They must be submitted to WEBCT by tomorrow.:
April 6.     Articles in our reader:
    Saul Alinsky, "Rules for Radicals" was a sort of handbook for activists in the 1970s.  It focused on tactics that relatively powerless groups can use, groups that have little going for them except their nuisance value.  The focus is on personifying the "enemy," making it tangible and personal.  The grew into a "community organization" movement based on mobilizing activists in poor neighborhoods.  Concerned Citizens of North Camden  who created the North Camden Land Trust.   Tom Knoche is a local anarchist who has devoted his life to North Camden.  He wrote a book called Common Sense for Camden.  These movements may also build national campaigns when there is a single focus to tie them together, e.g, the anti-WALMART movement.
    Aldon Morris talks about the development of the "sit-in" as a tactic, something which was considered highly radical and disruptive at the time.  More "responsible" leaders called for lobbying, legal action, leafleting rather than being disruptive.  These actions often involved civil disobedience, disobeying laws but doing so openly and taking the consequences.  Sometimes the laws would be overthrown by the courts.
    Mary Bernstein discusses the importance of action in developing the identity of gay and lesbian groups.  Often this conflicts with the short-term tactical goal of winning legislative or political gains.  It can give a feeling of empowerment and build the strength of the group.  Identity can also be used to critique the dominant culture, to educate people.  This depends on the extent to which a movement has a strong organizational culture and/or access to policy makers.
    She discusses some useful analytical dimensions of identity (page 237:
    -   identity for empowerment - Activists draw on an existing identity or develop a new collective identity in order to mobilize a constituency
   -   identity as a goal - activists may seek to construct an identity, or to redefine a stigmatized identity, as an end in itself
    -   identity as an (ideological or educational) strategy  -  to shape the nature of the debate, criticize biases, or educate the public
    Some groups are inclusive (incorporating as many people as possible), others are exclusive (limiting membership to those with the clearest commitment).  Inclusive groups may be better able to change policies (instrumental), inclusive can better build identity (expressive).  This may not be in the inherent nature of a movement, it may be a strategy.  The strategy chosen may depend on the receptiveness of the political environment.  The inclusive ones also may aim for a more revolutionary change, e.g, New Left movements such as the RadicalLesbians, Furies, Gay Liberation Front).  They may also seek to impose their will through violence and disruption.  Youth are more likely to be expressive rather than instrumental.
    Mary Fainsod Katzenstein discussed "Discursive Activism by Catholic Feminists".  They have many conferences and workshops and try to convince people.  They find organizational niches within Catholic institutions, such as in academic institutions, lay organizations, liturgy groups, etc.  Contemporary Catholic feminism can be described through a narrative of conferences and workshops.

Some essays by William Domhoff that address strategic and tactical issues for progressive social movements in the US:  William Domhoff:  "A Fresh Start for the Left" and "Social Movements and Strategic Nonviolence"
These give insight into current debates, and provide a framework for discussing some recent movements, including the urban riots in the 60s and 70s, including in Camden, and the anti-WTO demonstrations.  I am assigning these as readings and we will discuss them in class today.

Video:  Christopher Hitchens on Danish Cartoons. 

April 4:
From Wikipedia:  Tactics is the collective name for methods of winning a small-scale conflict, performing an optimization, etc. This applies specifically to warfare, but also to economics, trade, games and a host of other fields such as negotiation.

Tactics and strategy are often confused:

• Tactics are the actual means used to gain a goal. The US Department of Defense Dictionary of Military Terms defines the tactical level as

  the level of war at which battles and engagements are planned and executed to accomplish military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces. Activities at this level focus on the ordered arrangement and maneuver of combat elements in relation to each other and to the enemy to achieve combat objectives.

• Strategy is the overall plan.

An example of the difference:

• The overall goal is to win a war against another country.
• The strategy is to undermine the other nation's ability to wage war by annihilating their military.
• The tactics (told to the combatants) are to do very specific things in a specific place.

  BLACKBURN, England - Facing protesters and pointed questions, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said Friday that the Bush administration had made ``thousands'' of what she called ``tactical mistakes'' in Iraq but ``it was the right strategic decision'' to invade and topple Saddam Hussein.

Rice's comment on Iraq was in response to a question from an audience of foreign-policy experts about whether the United States had learned anything from the past three years.

Rice said U.S. officials would be ``brain dead'' if they did not recognize when they had erred.

``I know we've made tactical errors, thousands of them, I'm sure,'' Rice said. ``But when you look back in history, what will be judged is did you make the right strategic decisions.''

Tactics are short-term and often can be evaluated by relatively objective criteria.  Strategies are long-term may be judged only by "history," that is, after a lot of time has passed.  Iraq War Winnable? 

People often take refuge in the expectation that History will absolve them.  Waiting for the judgment of history allows us to act on enduring principles rather than expected consequences, but only because we get no timely feedback on the consequences of what we do.   Thus we end up relying on deontological ethical theories (sticking to principles no matter what) rather than consequentialist (getting good outcomes, maximizing pleasure, minimizing pain).  Neither of these theories is really adequate because there are conflicting principles that seem convincing and because we have imperfect knowledge of outcomes.  The best we can do is consider both carefully and make sure we listen to everyone, a princple that Jurgen Habermas called discourse ethics.

Some historical examples:

• Spartacus and the slave revolt under the Romans, 73-71 BC.  Won remarkable tactical victories, then missed the chance to leave Italy for Gaul and remained for a final battle when he was killed.  6000 slaves crucified on the road from Capua to Rome.  His legend lived on, inspiring groups such as the Spartacus League in Germany and Che Guevara in South America
• Early Christianity can be viewed as a social movement.  Jesus returned to Jerusalem and was crucified, but in the long term his movement has outlasted the Roman empire.  On a national TV interview, contemporary Quaker pacifist leader Chuck Fager used this as a rationale for a pacifist refusal to fight in any way on principle. 
  
• The socialist  or communist movement.  movement.  1848 Communist Manifesto, Communist International, pretty much died out by the end of the 19th century, then won power in Russia thanks to brilliant tactical leadership by VI. Lenin.  All sorts of factions and tendencies (see Wikipedia article).  Became a dominant force in the 20th century.  Tactical error in confronting the Nazi movement in Germany.  Videos: Jeffrey Lewis:  Seattle Folk Festival 2005. Communism:  The Bright Future.  Haran Yahya on the Bloody History of Communism. 
  
• Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution.   Video. 
  
• Mao and the Chinese Revolution.  Cultural Revolution.  Democracy Movement. 
  
• Decline of Communism, Gorbachev.  Fall of  Berlin wall. 
  

. 

March  30.    Basque Spring.  Shiite-Sunni split.  Greenpeace International Amazon campaign.  Amnesty International.  Charles Taylor arrested.  Antiwar Protests. Rules of War.  

March 28    Reviews of Four Days in September. 

Current Social Movements Events:  Protests Against Execution of a Moslem Apostate in Afghanistan. Trudy Rubin Column.   Peacemakers Return Home.  Peacemaker Web Site.  Basque cease fire.  French Demonstrations Against Change in Employment Rules for Youth.  LA Demonstration on Immigration. 

Comments on the readings in Section VI

McCcarthy and Zald.  This is "resource mobilization" theory - an economic metaphor.  Social movements are like companies, they invest resources to get results.  This is like the metaphor of "political capital" in conventional politics, but political capital cannot be moved around as flexibly as investment capital.  This is in contrast to the "traditional theory" that attributes the rise and decline of movements to changes in the sense of grievance in the effected population.  This might be thought of as a "demand" vs "supply" side analysis, to stick with the economic metaphor.  These two theories are actually complementary.  Resource mobilization emphasizes the ways in which leaders and activists manipulate and mobilize the base.

Definitions:

SMS - social movement, a "set of opinions and beliefs in  population" calling for change.  There are also countermovements.  We can measure this with survey data or focus groups or by keeping our "pulse on the media".  Entrepreneurs are good at mobilizing this.
SMO - a social movement organization - complex or formal organization which identifies with a movement
SMI - social movement industry, the whole collection of SMO's involved with a particular movement

Sticking with this metaphor, we see that social movement organizations are like businesses in some ways:
    they are started by entrepreneurs, but tend to become routinized over time
    they tend to rely more and more on paid staff, offering a service to members
    the SMI comes to be dominated by a small number of SMO's
     there are boom and bust cycles
     individuals pursue professional careers within them
     they may seek market niches, sharing the overally constituency with other organizations
     some are dependent on isolated constituents, others work with established groups

Charles Tilly (mentioned in the introduction) prefers to use a political metaphor, movements are like political parties except they do not contest elections.  Instead, they lobby for change and support politicians who do run for office.  They are vehicles groups use to pursue their interests.  The difference here is that is stresses group interests over the entrepreneurial skills of the staff (who might change issues or constituencies).  This approach also stresses interest over emotion which misses a difference between movements and businesses or instrumental political parties.

Elisabeth Clemens looks at organizational "repertoires" which can differ from the economic or the political.  She wants to go beyond traditional social science theories of Max Weber (bureaucratization) and Roberto Michels (Iron Law of Oligarchy).  This was a conscious goal of the New Left generally and especially of the feminist movement - to avoid hierarchy and bureaucratization and dependence on charismatic  or authoritarian leaders.  This is done through "participatory democracy" and affinity groups (the article by William Finnegan).  Early feminist organizations called themselves "clubs" in many cases, more social than economic or political.  They might also use a religious metaphor.  In both cases, participation is in large part an end in itself - "consciousness raising" - or a means of changing society one person at a time.  One could also view a social service or settlement house metaphor.  There are social movements such as Hamas that combine insurgent politics with charitable activities.  She also cites the example of liquor dealers forming an organization modeled on a Masonic Lodge.
Could a student organization model itself on a fraternity/sorority?  Groups such as the Sierra Club offer trips to the wilderness as well as lobbying - may be thought of as a travel agency.  Automobile Association? 

Paul Wapner writes about transnational activism, primarily environmental, but also mentioning human rights.  Organizations include Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Friends of the Earth, Oxfam, Greenpeace, Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics, International Organization for Sustainable Agriculture, Earth Island Institute, PIRG, Natural Resources Defense Council, World Wildlife Fund, World Fund for Nature, Direct Action Network and many others.  We looked at the Global Social Forum, which is part of the movement against Corporate Globalization discussed by Willima Finnegan.  Masses of activists show up whenever the World Trade Organization is meeting.  There are many conflicts within and between these organizations. 
  
March 23 -  More of Four Days in September.  MR-8 Movement.   Carlos Marighella  Minimanual of the Urban Guerilla. 
             Photo at the right is of Carlos Marighella, author of the Minimanual of the Urban Guerilla.
March 21 -    Video - Four Days in September.

People who join movements almost always say they do so because they care so much about the issues.  When we agree with people we are inclined to accept that.  When people join a movement with which we have strong disagreements, we are inclined to look a deeper.  Why do they care so much, especially about issues that may not impact directly on their interests, e.g., saving the whales?  Why do some people care desperately about protecting unborn life, even very early in pregnancy when it is microscopic?   Who do others feel strongly about women's right to choose whether to carry a pregnancy to term?  Both of these are ideological scripts, incorporating the key elements we discussed on March 7.  But why do some choose one drama, some another?  The emotions are often similar, the choice of an ideology may depend on the person's broader world view, one which they obtain from their religion or secular philosophy.  Kristin Luker writes about this in her book on Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood, from which we have a brief excerpt focusing only on the the anti-abortion activists.  However, we can fill in the world view of the pro-abortion activists. 

Pro-Life	Pro-Choice
Men and women are intrinsically different.	Men and women are intrinsically similar.
Women are best suited to raising children and families.	Women and men should share child raising.
Tenderness, caring and self-sacrifice are female traits.	Tenderness, caring and self-sacrifice should be male and female traits.
Sexual relations should be for procreative purposes.	Sexual relations are an expression of intimacy and affection, as well as physical desire.
Contraception is wrong because it strips sexual experience of its meaning.	Contraception gives women equality and the ability to plan their own lives.
Women should accept unplanned pregnancies as God's will or as a natural part of being a woman.	Women should be able to control pregnancy and decide whether to become mothers.
Pre-marital and extra-marital sex are wrong because they deprive sexuality of its true meaning.	Pre-marital and extra-marital sex are choices that mature people should be free to make.
Teen-age pregnancy can and should be prevented by advocating abstinance.  Those who sin should be made to suffer the consequences.	Advocating abstinance is ineffective, teens should be educated about a full range of choices.
The embryo is either a human life, with full rights, or it is not - there is no middle ground.  It has a soul that must be protected.	The embryo, especially in early pregnancy, lacks consciousness and full personhood.
Human nature needs to be disciplined and controlled by traditional social institutions.	Social institutions should be modified to meet human needs as conditions change.

The last point is more general than Laker discusses, at least in the excerpt we have.  It fits it into a more general liberal-conservative dimension that might predict attitudes on other issues, e.g, the death penalty.   Logically, you might think "pro-life" people would oppose the death penalty, but perhaps not since it is imposed on people who violated basic social norms, not on innocents.  We test some of these hypotheses with data from the survey research available in the Microcase databases to which our department subscribes.
                The data show that many people are ambivalent, not wanting to make abortion freely available, but also not wanting to prohibit it altogether.  The activists at both extremes  would like to impose their views, but often have to settle for "half a loaf".  Policies have alternated back and forth over time.as we can see in this timeline by Mark Pederson:
1588    First papal canon by Pope Sixtus V imposed ex-communication for all abortions.
1591    Pope Gregory XIV modified the canon law to except abortions of non-animated fetuses (less than 40 days) due in part to the enormous numbers of ex-communication ‘exceptions' the Pope had to do.
1821    Connecticut was the first to illegalize post-quickening abortion as a felony.
1828-50's the illegalization of pre- and post-quickening abortion in NY and continues in successive states.
1848    Anti-slavery sentiments inspires women's rights movement: Seneca Falls Convention, Sufferagettes are born.
1859    American Medical Association strongly denounces abortion, as the "unwarrantable destruction of life."
1869    Pope Pius IX rescinds the 1591 ‘animation' exception.  Induced abortion means ex-communication again.
1872    Slaughterhouse Cases (83US36). Equal Protection also applies to negroes and others (but not women).
1873    Comstock Act defines contraceptives as obscene and illicit, making it a federal offense to disseminate birth control through the mail or across state lines.
1883    Margaret Sanger (Planned Parenthood founder) born into poor large immigrant Irish Catholic family.
1905    Lochner v. New York (198US45). The federal Equal Protection clause overides state law.
1913    Sanger publishes articles on birth control, flees to Europe to avoid Comstock prosecution.
1914-1918 World War I
1916    Sanger returns to U.S. and charges are dropped.  She opens first birth control clinic and is arrested.
1918    Crane decision from Sanger's arrest, which allows women to use birth control for ‘therapeutic' purposes.
1921    Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) drafted by Alice Paul, and introduced into Congress every year since.
1923    Women finally get the right of sufferage (to vote).
1923    Meyer v. State of Nebraska (262US390).  Allowed private schooling in non-english language.  Parents should be able to raise their children as they see fit.
1925    Pierce v. Society of Sisters, (268US510). Allowed private schooling versus mandatory public schooling of children.  Parents should be able to raise their children as they see fit.
1929    ACLU defended Margaret Sanger's (Planned Parenthood) right to ‘publically' discuss contraception.
1930's    The Great Depression (U.S.A.)
1939-1945 World War II
1960    Birth of the "Pill", estrogen 100-175 mcg and progestin 10 mcg developed by Dr. Pinkus/Planned Parenthood
1961    Poe v. Ullman (367US497).  Upheld a Connecticut prohibition against contraception. Doctor arrested for talking about and dispensing condoms.
1964    Civil Rights Act, gave enforcement to women and negroes' civil rights under the 14th Amendment.
1965    Griswold v. Connecticut (381US470).  Cannot prohibit contraception.  "Right of Privacy" was born and applied as a marital right, to have or not have children.
1969    Man on the moon.  Pill reduced to 50 mcg estrogen.
1971    United States v. Vuitch (402US62).  The ‘health exception' for abortion was not unconstitutionally vague as the ProLifers argued.  Some states allowed abortion under health exceptions.
1972    ERA passes the Senate, but it dies when not enough States ratify.
1972    Eisenstadt v. Baird (405US438).  Allowed un-married people to have the same rights to contraception as married couples.  Justice Brennan's oft quoted opinion says: "If the right of privacy means anything, it is the right of the individual, married or single, to be free from unwarranted government intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision whether to bear or beget a child." Eisenstadt at pg. 453.
1973    Roe v. Wade (410US113).  Abortion allowed across all states.  During the first trimester, no restrictions allowed.  During the second trimester, only compelling maternal-health-interests may restrict abortions.  During the third trimester only fetal-health-exception abortions allowed.
1973    Doe v. Bolton (410US179). Third trimester abortions okay under broad mental health exceptions.
1974    Low-dose pill, 35 mcg estrogen/0.5-1.0 mcg progestin available, what we use nowadays.
1976    Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth (428US52). Removed husband's consent for married women's abortion.
1976 - Hyde amendment prohibited the government for paying for abortions.
1980    Harris v. McRae (448US297).  State does not have to pay for abortions.
1986    Thornburg v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (476US747).  Illegal to force state anti-choice information upon woman to dissuade her from abortion.
1986    Bowers v. Hardwick (478US186) Privacy of home no protection against anti-sodomy law. Sodomy does not have a procreation-related right.
1989    Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (492US490).  Eliminated trimester framework of RvW.  State always has a compelling interest in fetal life throughout the pregnancy.  State can impose some regulations.
1990    Hodgson v. Minnesota (497US417).  Must allow minors to obtain abortion with either parental consent or a judicial by-pass.  No absolute prohibitions.
1992    Planned Parenthood v. Casey (505US833).  Future regulations could not impose an "Undue Burden". Wait-periods were enforced instead of abortion on-demand.  Kansas goes to 8-hr waiting period.
1994   Congress  passed the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances act making it much more difficult for antiabortion activists to shut down clinics.
1997    Kansas goes to 24-hour waiting period and requires pregnancy-continuation literature be dispensed.
2000    Carhart v. Stenberg (530US914).  Partial Birth Abortion ban over-ruled, due to vagueness that would have "chilled" provision of even regular abortions.  Pictures of D&X were used, but actual wording was vague.
2003    Lawrence v. Texas (02-102) over-turns Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) anti-sodomy case.  Privacy rights in home override state law against consentual homosexual activity.
2006  -  South Dakota passes law outlawing abortions in almost all circumstances, expecting a court test.
Social movements have mobilized large demonstrations on both sides, often focusing on specific issues such as late-term abortions, "partial birth" abortions, requiring minors to get parental consent, prohibiting "Plan B" contraception, prohibiting funding for abortins through Medicaid, cutting funding for population control programs abroad, etc..  The anti-abortionists have relied most on demonstrations because they lost the legal battle in 1973.  They are hoping for a shift in the Supreme Court as more conservative justices are confirmed.

There is an odd symmetry between the groups - both have broad coalitions with single-issue and multi-issue groups, both have local networks and engage in both street action and conventional politics.  The antiabortionists are strongly linked to the Republican Party while the proabortionists are linked to the DDemocrats. 

• in 1991 thousands of protestors converged on a clinic run by George Tiller, one of the few in the area that performed late-term abortions.  Thirty thousand people participated, but Dr. Tiller kept his clinic open.  Anti-Tiller WEB site.  Dr. Tiller's site.  In succeeding years, the demonstrations have been smaller. 
  
• There were repeated demonstrrations at the South Jersey Women's Center, including some outside the director's home.  Often these seeks to be disruptive or to annoy the neighbors.  Here is a web site on the "Rescue Mission" at the Cherry Hill site in 1987.  Lawsuit against center. 
  
• Several abortion doctors have been killed by militants who are supported by underground networks.  NY killing.  Protest against execution of killer of abortion doctor and family. 
  
• There are also regular pro-choice demonstrations.  Santa Barbara.  No More Nice Girls.  Washington DC. 
  

Links:  NARAL  -  Prolife Action League. 

March 9 -  An Imam in America.  Between Hope and Fear on Theo Van Gogh. 

Suicide bombing is a recent tactical development, but suicide ha been used in different ways by activists in the past.  Some opponents of the Vietnam war set themselves on fire as a moral appeal.    There were Kamikaze bombers in the Japanese air force in WWII.  There have been military actions that are suicidal, or at least where the chances or survival are minimal, going back to the Zealots at the Masada in 73 C.E.   Suicide bombing was invented, I believe, by the Tamil Tigers.in  July 5, 1987: when they carried out their first suicide bombing, killing 40 troops at the Nelliyady army camp in the north of the country.  There is some recent literature on suicide bombing, my take on it is in my essay "Suicide Bombing as a Youth Movement" which is an assigned reading on our WEBCT site.  Review of Pape's book. 

The other reading to discuss today is "The Clash of Civilizations" by Samuel Huntington, also on our WEBCT.  I have selected a major part of it.  It was published in 1993 and was prescient in anticipating the extent to which the world would move in the directin he described.  It can be paired with Francis Fukuyama's book The End of History or his newer book America at the Crossroads.  We read a selection from that book called After Neoconservatism.   Discussion of the Class of Civilizations essay (on WEBCT). 

Daniel Goldhagen on Political Islam. 

March 7 - Why do people join social movements? Or drop out from them?  Because of what they think and feel, which is why Parts IV and V of our reader are very closely related and I will treat them together.  Social movements do not usually offer a financial benefit to participants.  They impose costs at least of time and effort, sometimes risks of injury or death.  Sometimes people sacrifice their lives for movements.   The emotional dimension is very important, but people tend to resist looking at emotional roots of their own behavior or of the behavior of people they like.  When we do not approve of someone's behavior, when it angers us, we are much quicker to attribute it to emotional problems. Eric Hoffer wrote a best selling book called The True Believer which argued that New Left radicals joined because they felt personally inadequate and wanted to join something larger than themselves.  This book was intensely hated by the New Left radicals because it seemed to cheapen their behavior.  But emotions are involved in everything we do.  All behavior is "overdetermined" as Freudians say, it meets both emotional and rational needs, conscious and perhaps unconscious needs.  We need to look at these things in studying movements.

This is the topic of the article by James Jasper on "The Emotions of Protest" in the reader.  He makes several important points:  1.  Emotions pervade all social life and cannot be dichotomized as "rational" vs "irrational".  2.  Emotions have a biological dimension, but they are also cognitive and culturally constructed - we learn to respond to certain cues.  3.  There are transient emotions - we feel angry or frightened or happy at one point in time-  but there are also lasting affects or sentiments or attitudes.  4.  "Much political activity involves reference to or creation of positive and negative affects toward groups, policies and activities."  5.  Certain social movements aim at changing the broader culture of their society, including the acceptability and display of certain emotions, especially identity movements such as civil rights, feminist, gay rights, that aim at building pride in a stigmatized group.  Some of the lasting emotions often mobilized in social movements include

• Hatred, hostility, loathing - a "target of externalization" in more Freudian terms
• Love - attachment to one's group, to the members of the movement, to people within it
  
• Solidarity, loyalty - often this involves loyalty to a leader, although Jasper does not discuss this so much
  
• Suspicion, paranoia
• Trust, Respect

There are also more transient or reactive emotions such an anger, grief, outrage, shame, compassion, cynicism, defiance, enthusiasm, envy, fear, joy, resignation (see page 159 in the book).  These are involved in all social life, but they are not so lasting or structured around particular objects.

To build a movement, large numbers of people have to share the same structured feelings.  We often refer to these as "ideologies" which are emotionally charged beliefs about the world.  Kenneth Boulding wrote that  "An image of the world becomes an ideology if it creates in the mind of the person holding it a role for himself which he values highly...  To create a role, however, an ideology must create a drama.  The first essential characteristic of an ideology is then an interpretation of history sufficiently dramatic and convincing so that the individual feels that he can identify with it and which in turn can give the individual a role in the drama it portrays."  (Boulding, The Meaning of the Twentieth Century, pp 161-162).

Several elements tend to recur in these ideological dramas.  They are also present in religious dramas.
    good guys and bad guys -  oppressors and oppressed  -  victims and victimizers.  These may be defined by social class, race, ethnic group, gender, etc. 
    Utopia and Dystopia -  heaven and hell -  Often the dystopia is described in great detail - everything that is wrong with the current world - while the utopia is left vague.  If we can get rid of the bad guys that are causing the current dystopia, everything will be peaches and cream...
    Imminent crisis/ transformatin -  analogous to religious milleniarism, the coming of Christ or the Messiah or another transformational figure.  In social movements this may be economic collapse, nuclear war, environmental catastrophe, racial explosion, etc.  This may trigger revolutionary change leading to utopia.
    A powerful leader/hero who rallies the forces of good, progress, gives them strength.  Clearly analogous to a religious messiah, a revolutionary leader such as Lenin, Stalin, Ayatollah Khomeini,  varioius cult leaders.
    A powerful text or doctrine that contains the key to success. 

Bio of Ralph Nader, the founder of the PIRG movement active on our campus.

Most people, of course, do not start their own movements, they adhere to visions advanced by someone else.  This is my own history.  Also in my FBI file.   Also my friend Albert Szymanski whose life ended in suicide perhaps caused by disillusionment.


    Examples.     Ralph Nader 
    Spartacus.  Led a slave uprising in Italy in 73 to 71 BC.    Inspiration for the Spartacus League in Germany. 

Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto.   Cover Versions.    Still has its followers today. 

Marx spent most of his life documenting the dystopia of capitalism, especially in England.  He avoided specifying what would replace it, viewing this as utopian speculation.  One of his followers, August Bebel, filled this gap with a book called Woman and Socialism - apparently only women were so practical-minded they needed specifics.  It is especially utopian in its ideas about the withering away of the state - crime will disappear so no police will be needed.  "Neither political nor common crimes will be known in the future.  Thieves will have disappeared, because private property will have disappeared, and in the new society everyone will be able to satisfy his wants easily and conveniently by work." 

The utopian socialists were a competing group including Sir Thomas More who wrote the original book Utopia, which was a portrait of an ideal state based entirely on reason.  He was a Catholic layman, lawyer and writer but not involved in a social movement.  Robert Owen tried to implement this vision, founding a community called New Lanark Mills in Scotland, and one called New Harmony, in Indiana.

A very influential utopia was the book Looking Backward published by Edward Bellamy in 1887.  It was a work of science fiction, portraying a man who traveled to the future to the year 2000.  He found a completely egalitarian society organized on military lines with men working until they were 45, then retiring.  There was great stability, almost no need for new legislation, because all ideals had been realized.  There were technical innovations such as wired music available in people's homes. 
By 1900 Looking Backward was the best selling book in US history, second to Uncle Tom's Cabin.  He inspired a Nationalist movement which also advocated "socialism" and later was one of the inspirations for National Socialsim in Germany, although his vision was gentle and consensual, he thought socialist utopia would come because everyone would agree that it was desirable, it would be completely voluntary.

One more utopian we can consider is a libertarian, believer in capitalism, Ayn Rand, author of the novel Atlas Shrugged.  She had a conflict with her chief disciple and lover, Nathaniel Branden, who was much younger and married to a woman his own age.  She was also convinced that cigarettes were good for you because they were produced by capitalist, free market corporations - a view she never publicly retracted even though she quit smoking when she came down with a fatal lung cancer.  Objective medicine web site. 

What can we say about the motivations of these people when the thought up these ideas and started the movements?  They were young people searching for meaning in their lives.  Marx tried law, philosophy and poetry in his quest for a meaningful career.  He wrote a three hundred page treatise on the philosophy of law before he found it to be emplty.  He felt that his poetry was worthless:  "the real of true poetry flashed open before me like a distant faery place, and all m y creatins collapsed into nothing...I was for several days quite unable to think.  Like a lunatic I ran around in the garden."  He found the answer in Hegelian philosophy - the struggle between thesis and antithesis leading to a more perfect synthesis.  It made him feel that he was part of history.  It was like a religious conversion and his father approved saying "your philosophy satisfactorily agrees and harmonizes with your conscience."  He got his degree but couldn't get a teaching job, went into journalism, moved to Paris when the newspaper was suppressed.

 Bellamy wanted into the army, failed the physical.  Did not succeed with other career ideas until he became a writer.  Ayn Rand was a refugee from Soviet Russia, became militantly anti-Soviet in part because of how her family was oppressed. 

Other cases.  Jim Jones and the People's Temple. 


  

Grading formulas used to compute grades in WEBCT (March 2): Attendance = [Attend Raw]/0.11   -  Attend Raw is the number of classes you attended, a maximum of 13. Quizzes = ([Quiz One]+[Quiz Two]+[Quiz Three:  Latin American Social Movements]+[Quiz Four: Part 2 of the Reader]+[Quiz Five:  Iranian Revolution, Muslim Rage and Feminism]+[Quiz Six:  Readings for Feb 21 and 23])/6 Predicted Grade =  [Attendance]*0.1+[Midterm]*0.6+[Quizzes]*0.3

Introduction to Latin American Studies will be offered in the first summer session and Spring 2007 - counts for the sociology and criminal justice majors

February 28 - Key points to review for the midterm:

1. From the Introduction to Part II - Theories of the emergence of social movements. 
   
2. Social trends in the twentieth century, especially Straus and Howe's model of generational change.  The active, civic minded "GI Generation" was followed by the passive, adaptive "Silent Generation" which was followed by the active, idealistic "Baby Boomers" and the passive, reactive or "laid back" "Generation X." The youngest generation, born since 1981, can now be called "Generation 9/11" because it is coming to adulthood in a period dominated by the war on terrorism.
3. Psychology of terrorism as portrayed in the video Faces of the Enemy,  and in my essay Terrorist Beliefs and Terrorist Lives which discussed Jerrold Post's ideas about the psychology of splitting and externalization and reviewed the lives of Timothy McVeigh, Theodore Kaczynski, Bommi Baumann, Velupillai Prabhakaran, Abimael Guzmán, and Osama BinLaden.  Also, Nicholas Lehman's article on What Terrorists Want. 
   
4. Latin American Social Movements.  The reading and a Powerpoint are available in WEBCT.  We looked at three "frames" to explain Latin American movements including Hispanic Culture and Civilization, Global Captialist Expansion and the Growth of the Parasitic state.  We examined Nationalist, Labor, Rural, and "New" Movements (including feminist, black, environmental and human rights).  We looked at the Global Social Forum and the populist movement led by Hugo Chavez.
5. More recently, we discussed the explosion of protest over the Danish cartoons, and had a visit by members of the Muslim Student Organization and discussed Bernard Lewis's article on the Roots of Muslim Rage (in WEBCT) and Charles Kurzman's article on The Iranian Revolution in the Social Movements Reader.
   
6. We reviewed the history of the civil rights, feminist and gay rights movements, drawing on Rhoda Blumberg, Jo Freeman, and John D'Emilio's articles in the Social Movements reader. There is other material on these topics in these notes and in powerpoints on our WEBCT  .
7. We discussed the introduction to Part III of the Social Movements Reader, examining theories of Who Joins or Supports Movements. 
   
8. We examined some cultural changes in post-industrial societies and the extent to which they apply to the developing countries and especially the Arab countries as analyzed in the Arab Social Development Reports.  Francus Fukuyama's essay on After Neoconservatism argues for a more nuanced, moderate approach to foreign policy rather than one which assumes that the United States can impose modernization and democracy all around the world.
   

Feb 22 -  Furor Over Cartoons Pits Muslim Against Muslim. 

Milestones in the Gay Rights Movement

Late in the nineteenth century, as large cities allowed for greater anonymity, as wage labor apart from family became common, and as more women were drawn out of the home, evidence of a new pattern of homosexual expression surfaced. . . .

At first, these individuals developed ways of meeting one another and institutions to foster a sense of identity. . . . By 1915, one participant in this new gay world was referring to it as “a community distinctly organized.” For the most part hidden from view because of social hostility, an urban gay subculture had come into existence by the 1920s and 1930s.

World War II served as a critical divide in the social history of homosexuality. Large numbers of the young left families, small towns, and closely knit ethnic neighborhoods to enter a sex-segregated military or to migrate to larger cities for wartime employment. . . .

After the war, many of them made choices designed to support their gay identities. Pat Bond, a woman from Iowa who first met other lesbians while in the military, decided to stay in San Francisco after her discharge. [Donald] Vining remained in New York City rather than return to his small hometown in New Jersey. They, along with countless others, sustained a vibrant gay subculture that revolved around bars and friendship networks. Many cities saw their first gay bars during the 1940s. . . .

This new visibility provoked latent cultural prejudices....Firings from government jobs and purges from the military intensified in the 1950s. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued an executive order in 1953 barring gay men and lesbians from all federal jobs. Many state and local governments and private corporations followed suit. The FBI began a surveillance program against homosexuals.

The lead taken by the federal government encouraged local police forces to harass gay citizens. Vice officers regularly raided gay bars, sometimes arresting dozens of men and women on a single night. …Under these conditions, some gays began to organize politically. In November 1950 in Los Angeles, a small group of men led by Harry Hay and Chuck Rowland met to form what would become the Mattachine Society. Mostly male in membership, it was joined in 1955 by a lesbian organization in San Francisco, the Daughters of Bilitis, founded by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon. In the 1950s these organizations remained small, but they established chapters in several cities and published magazines that were a beacon of hope to the readers.

In the 1960s, influenced by the model of a militant black civil rights movement, the “homophile movement,” as the participants dubbed it, became more visible. Activists, such as Franklin Kameny and Barbara Gittings, picketed government agencies in Washington to protest discriminatory employment policies. In San Francisco, Martin, Lyon, and others targeted police harassment. By 1969, perhaps fifty homophile organizations existed in the United States, with memberships of a few thousand.   [See The Tea Room Trade by Laud Humphries for an interesting sociological study of this period - TGG]

Then, on Friday evening, June 27, 1969, the police in New York City raided a Greenwich Village gay bar, the Stonewall Inn. Contrary to expectations, the patrons fought back, provoking three nights of rioting in the area accompanied by the appearance of “gay power” slogans on the buildings. Almost overnight, a massive grassroots gay liberations movement was born. Owing much to the radical protest of blacks, women, and college students in the 1960s, gays challenged all forms of hostility and punishment meted out by society. Choosing to “come out of the closet” and publicly proclaim their identity, they ushered in a social change movement that has grown substantially. By 1973, there were almost eight hundred gay and lesbian organizations in the United States; by 1990, the number was several thousand. By 1970, 5,000 gay men and lesbians marched in New York City to commemorate the first anniversary of the Stonewall Riots; in October 1987, over 600,000 marched in Washington, to demand equality.

The changes were far-reaching. Over the next two decades, half the states decriminalized homosexual behavior, and police harassment was sharply contained. Many large cities included sexual orientation in their civil rights statutes, as did Wisconsin and Massachusetts, first among the states to do so....[In 1975] the Civil Service Commission eliminated the ban on the employment of homosexuals in most federal jobs. Many of the nation's religious denominations engaged in spirited debates about the morality of homosexuality, and some, like Unitarianism and Reformed Judaism, opened their doors to gay and lesbian ministers and rabbis. The lesbian and gay world was no longer an underground subculture but, in larger cities especially, a well-organized community, with businesses, political clubs, social service agencies, community centers, and religious congregations bringing people together. In a number of places, openly gay candidates ran for elective office and won.

These changes spawned opposition. In 1977 the singer Anita Bryant led a campaign to repeal a gay rights ordinance in Dade County, Florida. Her success encouraged others, and by the early 1980s, a well-organized conservative force had materialized to target the gay rights movement. Politicians, such as Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, and fundamentalist ministers, such as Jerry Falwell of Lynchburg, Virginia, who formed Moral Majority, Inc., joined forces to slow the progress of the gay movement.  [Living in Jesusland].

The onset of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, although it intensified the antigay rhetoric of the New Right, also stimulated further organizing within the gay community. AIDS made political mobilization a matter of life and death. With a large majority of the cases striking male homosexuals, the gay community in short order created a host of organizations, such as the Gay Men's Health Crisis in New York City, to provide services and assistance to those infected. Local and national gay civil rights groups also grew in size and number, as the community sought to increase funding for research and education and to win protection against discrimination. A personal and social tragedy of immense proportions, AIDS paradoxically strengthened the political arm of the gay movement.

Source: Excerpted by Infoplease from The Reader's Companion to American History. Copyright © 1991 by Houghton Mifflin Company.

Gay Rights Links:   It's Time to End the Gay Movement As We Know It.  Wikipedia.  Dynamics of Sick Religion.  Protect Love.   Colorado for Family Values.   GodHatesFags.com 
How to "Vaccinate" your Kids from Homosexuality.    Antia Bryant Wikipedia. 

An unedited section of the Associated Press interview, taped April 7, with Sen. Rick Santorum, R-Pa. Words that couldn't be heard clearly on the tape are marked (unintelligible).

SANTORUM: In this case, what we're talking about, basically, is priests who were having sexual relations with post-pubescent men. We're not talking about priests with 3-year-olds, or 5-year-olds. We're talking about a basic homosexual relationship. Which, again, according to the world view sense is a a perfectly fine relationship as long as it's consensual between people. If you view the world that way, and you say that's fine, you would assume that you would see more of it.

AP: I mean, should we outlaw homosexuality?

SANTORUM: I have no problem with homosexuality. I have a problem with homosexual acts. As I would with acts of other, what I would consider to be, acts outside of traditional heterosexual relationships. And that includes a variety of different acts, not just homosexual. I have nothing, absolutely nothing against anyone who's homosexual. If that's their orientation, then I accept that. And I have no problem with someone who has other orientations. The question is, do you act upon those orientations? So it's not the person, it's the person's actions. And you have to separate the person from their actions.

AP: OK, without being too gory or graphic, so if somebody is homosexual, you would argue that they should not have sex?

SANTORUM: We have laws in states, like the one at the Supreme Court right now, that has sodomy laws and they were there for a purpose. Because, again, I would argue, they undermine the basic tenets of our society and the family. And if the Supreme Court says that you have the right to consensual sex within your home, then you have the right to bigamy, you have the right to polygamy, you have the right to incest, you have the right to adultery. You have the right to anything. Does that undermine the fabric of our society? I would argue yes, it does. It all comes from, I would argue, this right to privacy that doesn't exist in my opinion in the United States Constitution, this right that was created, it was created in Griswold -- Griswold was the contraceptive case -- and abortion. And now we're just extending it out. And the further you extend it out, the more you -- this freedom actually intervenes and affects the family. You say, well, it's my individual freedom. Yes, but it destroys the basic unit of our society because it condones behavior that's antithetical to strong, healthy families. Whether it's polygamy, whether it's adultery, where it's sodomy, all of those things, are antithetical to a healthy, stable, traditional family.

Every society in the history of man has upheld the institution of marriage as a bond between a man and a woman. Why? Because society is based on one thing: that society is based on the future of the society. And that's what? Children. Monogamous relationships. In every society, the definition of marriage has not ever to my knowledge included homosexuality. That's not to pick on homosexuality. It's not, you know, man on child, man on dog, or whatever the case may be. It is one thing. And when you destroy that you have a dramatic impact on the quality —

AP: I'm sorry, I didn't think I was going to talk about "man on dog" with a United States senator, it's sort of freaking me out.

SANTORUM: And that's sort of where we are in today's world, unfortunately. The idea is that the state doesn't have rights to limit individuals' wants and passions. I disagree with that. I think we absolutely have rights because there are consequences to letting people live out whatever wants or passions they desire. And we're seeing it in our society.

AP: Sorry, I just never expected to talk about that when I came over here to interview you. Would a President Santorum eliminate a right to privacy -- you don't agree with it?

SANTORUM: I've been very clear about that. The right to privacy is a right that was created in a law that set forth a (ban on) rights to limit individual passions. And I don't agree with that. So I would make the argument that with President, or Senator or Congressman or whoever Santorum, I would put it back to where it is, the democratic process. If New York doesn't want sodomy laws, if the people of New York want abortion, fine. I mean, I wouldn't agree with it, but that's their right. But I don't agree with the Supreme Court coming in.

Feb 21  Introduction to Part III of The Social Movements Reader:  "Who Joins Movements?"

    *  Crowds -  Charles Mackay's book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.  Also Gustav LeBon, The Crowd.  Saw crowds as irrational because people's inhibitions are lessened when surrounded by masses of others, they do things they would not do individually such as riot, rape, lynch.  However, some people argue that there is a  Wisdom in Crowds, but this evolves over time.  This comes out of an analysis of financial markets, the idea that the market arrives at the true value even though individuals do not.  In terms of social movements, we do see spontaneous uprisings under certain circumstances - when people are milling about in hot weather, when they are outraged by some event, e.g., the pueblazo's in Latin America, the Russian Revolution of February, 1917.  Race riots in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, occasionally later - sometimes ticked off by a particular event such the MLK assassination or a power failure.
    * Networks -  People join movements when they are recruited individually, when they know other people in the movement.  Often networks developed for one purpose can be used for another.  This is facilitated today because of email and the Internet.  The Dean campaign in the 2002 elections relied very heavily on Internet recruitment.  The early feminist movement relied on networks developed in the antiwar movement, e.g., Freedom Summer in 1964.  In the essay on "What Terrorists Want," Nicholas Lehman applies this analysis to terrorist groups. 
    * Frames -  Of course, not just anyone can be recruited to anything, the issues have to be presented or "framed" in such a way that people are motivated to join.  See the definition of Framing and Frame Alignment on page 52 in the book.  James Aho's article on the Christian Patriots is an example of how one group frames things.  Look on page 87 at his analysis of the "projective lenses" that they use to perceive or "frame" the world.
    *  Personality Traits -  people with certain kinds of personality traits may choose to join a movemet, e.g., people who rely on externalization and projection and are looking for targets.  See my paper on "Noam Chomsky and the Political Psychology of Anti-Imperialism"   Most of the research on the political psychology of New Left activists was by sympathizers and found them to be more liberated, less authoritarian.  But this is based on less valid measures.
    *  Cultural Trends - this approach looks at underlying trends in society that lead people to change their values.  Cotgrove and Duff look at the environmental movement, which we will look at later, seeing it as an example of post-materialist values as articulated by Inglehart.  On page 65, Inglehart gives an overview of the process of change examied in his book on post-industrial societies.



He is applying this mostly to the United States and Western Europe.  But the same trend may be happening in the rest of the world.  This is a theme of the the article by Francis Fukuyama on After Neoconservatism.  He makes an argument that post-modern values predominate because they provide the kinds of scientific and material benefits people want all around the world.  However, they often conflict with traditional value systems and political institutions, especially religious ones. 
This leads back to our discussion of the recent events in the middle east.  A recent interview with an Italian Parliamentarian combines many of these threads.  - Some other links of interest:   Daily Illini Controversy.   Danish Caricatures article from Weekly Standard.  Libyan Demonstration.  Gorodskiye Vesti cartoon.  German Cartoons.   Holocaust denier sentenced to 3 years in jail in Austria.  Salman Rushdie Satanic Verses. 
  - Images of Muhammad gone for good -  Censorship of Grease in Fulton, Mo.  -  Trudy Rubin Columns - :
Cartoon Issue:  Cleric said he did not want protests.  Letters to the Editor.  Trudy Rubin Column.  Audio Conversation.    Muslims Say Times Hypocritical NYT.  Startling Lesson in Power of Imagery.   -  Trudy Rubin Columns - :   

Feb 16 -    The theories we have studied may help to explain the origins of the Islamist movements in the Middle East, but there is no one correct theory.    The article by Charles Kurzman looks at the Iranian revolution of 1979, which came as quite a surprise at the time.  The Shah of Iran looked very powerful.  But he was overthrown by a social movement, putting into power the regime that is still in power.  Why did it succeed?  Kurzman stresses political process and especially political perceptions, the perception that the Shah was vulnerable because the opposition was very strong.  Random, idiosyncratic events such as the Shah being ill with cancer may play a role.  One could not have predicted this based on an analysis of economic or social forces, these are background factors that all the actors consider and manipulate.  It can be understood as a revolt of the poor against modernism, led primarily by religious fundamentalists.  It was also supported by the Communist Party of Iran at the time, but after the group the left was suppressed.  There is still considerable modernist opposition within the country, especially among youth.

The contemporary Islamist movements have been America's focus of attention since 9/11, but they go back much further.  A major focus has been opposition to Israel, but this is only one issue.  The activists in this movement insist that their fundamental concerns are religious.  Sociologists often suspect that economic, class and ethnic factors are behind the religious feelings, but the people involved insist that religious concerns are fundamental. 

. The article by Bernard Lewis was one of the first to address the religious differences directly (since published in expanded form as a book).  The Muslim world does not accept the idea of the separation of Church or Mosque and State, an idea that is new historically.  The Muslim religion says that God has enemies, which differs from religions that see the Devil as one of God's creatures performing mysterious tasks.  The Koran is strictly monotheistic, but it can be interpreted in different ways.  The more liberal or tolerant versions of Islam accept Jesus and Moses as prophets of the same God.  Mohammad was not God on Earth as Christians say of Jesus, he was the greatest prophet of all time, but still a man.  He ran the state and the armed forces.  The fundamentalist Moslems polarize the world between Believers and Unbelievers, some of them say that the religion calls for them to exterminate all Unbelievers.  There are extremists like this in all religions, even the Hindu religion which we think of as associated with Gandhi and pacifism.  In 1992, Hindu mobs destroyed the Babri Mosque in India.  There are Jewish extremists  who want to force all Arabs out of Palestine and who even kill innocent Arabs.  There are also Christian terrorist groups such as the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda.  The Landover Baptist Church is on an anti-Wicca campaign, or is this a parody?.   Religious extremism is present in all religions, and is similar in its psychological profile:  externalization and polarization.  As I said in our reading on Terrorist Beliefs and Terrorist Lives:
While there is no one personality type, it is the impression that there is a disproportionate representation among terrorists of individuals who are aggressive and action-oriented and place greater than normal reliance on the psychological mechanisms of externalization and splitting. There is suggestive data indicating that many terrorists come from the margins of society and have not been particularly successful in their personal, educational and vocational lives. The combination of the personal feelings of inadequacy with the reliance on the psychological mechanisms of externalization and splitting make especially attractive a group of like-minded individuals whose credo is "Its not us; its them. They are the cause of our problems."
 
Bernard Lewis describes the Islamic case well, but he may exaggerate the extent to which the Islamists are different from other fundamentalist extremists.   His most important point is that the Islamic world has suffered a long string of defeats, defeats at the hands of the infidels.  This is hard for them to accept.  This is true of the Arab countries as countries, even if you do not look at it from a religious perspective.  Here is a NY Times article on the Roots of Muslim Rage:  which suggests that much of the anger is really against their own governments.  The governments channel this rage against convenient "targets of externalization" as psychologists would say.  The Danes seem perfect for this since they are weak, directing one's rage against Israelis or Americans is more difficult.  This has been addressed in a very important set of social science studies done by Arabs under the auspices of the United Nations, the Arab Human Development Reports.   Commentary on AHDR by Samir Rihani.  They cover problems caused by the Israeli occupation, but the thrust their argument is to argue that what the Arab world needs is democracy, education, human rights, women's liberation - in short, modernization.  This is basically George Bush's argument, as expressed in his speech which I posted in WEBCT.

This leads into the contemporary debate.Robert Carle, "Demise of Dutch Multiculturalism"  in WEBCT.
Theo van Gogh, a filmmaker and great grandnephew of Vincent Van Gogh was brutally murdered at 8:30 a.m. on November 3, 2004, in Amsterdam.  The assassin, Mohammad Bouyeri, was a Dutch Moslim of Moroccan Ancestry.  Van Gogh was bicycling to work, Mohammad shot him several time, slit his throat and pinned a five-page letter to his stomach.  The letter called for holy war against infidels and informed Member of Parliament Ayyan Hirsi Ali that she would be "smashed against the hard diamond of Islam." 
Holland has 1.5 million foreign residents, about 10% of the population.  The largest number of immigrants are from Morocco and Turkey.  The youth of Moroccan origin have the most difficulty fitting into Dutch society, high crime rates.  After the Van Gogh incident, the Dutch are turning anti-immigrant, anti-immigrant parties are growing. 
European countries tend to be more secular than the United States and have more difficulty assimilating immigrants, not having a history as immigrant nations..  Pim Fortuyn was killed on May 6, 2002.  He was a gay political candidate who argued against immigrants because they have not assimilated into Dutch society.  He found the Muslims to be a threat to Holland's gays and women.  He was killed by an animal rights activist who was distressed by his promise to life restrictions on fur farming.  His party got 17% of the vote and 26 Parliamentary seats on May 15, in response to the killing.  In the interpretation of Carle, "these Muslims long to dissolve the dislocations of modern society into a religious certainty rooted in an ethno-familiar culture.
   Peter Beinart in New Republic. 

Feb 14 - Feminist and Gay Liberation Movements.  The Parent Trap. 

We discussed a number of feminist authors.  Mary Wollstonecraft, author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women, was a very early philosophical defender of the rights of women as human beings.  This view was supported by the influential philosopher John Stuart Mill in his books The Subjection of Women.  Susan B. Anthony led the fight for the women's suffrage (the right to vote) and wrote "An Account of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony".  Ida B. Wells, a black activist, worked primarily in the labor and civil rights movement, and edited a newspaper.  Most of the activists in the women's movement were well educated white women who has leisure time.  Women's liberation was greatly advanced by improvements in health care that cut infant and child mortality rates, meaning that women did not have to devote so much of their time to bearing and raising small children.  Betty Friedan, author of The Feminine Mystique, was a well educated activist in the labor movement who wrote an academic study of highly educated women who were dissatisfied with careers as homemakers, or what we call to day stay at home mom's.  Valerie Solanis was a frustrated author who shot artist Andy Warhol and wrote a parody of the Communist Manifesto called the SCUM manifesto, for Society to Cut UP Men.  Kate Millet, author of Sexual Politics, and Germaine Greer, author of The Female Eunuch, were radical feminists who tried to make the feminist movement an anti-male movement.  Betty Friedan and the more mainstream factions in the movement opposed this strongly, as did author Joan Didion and journalist Gloris Steinem who started Ms Magazine.  Phyllis Schlaffly, a conservative activist who wrote A Choice, Not an Echo, mobilized the movement that stopped the ratification of the Equal Rights Movement.

Feb 9 - Visit by members of the Muslim Student Organization. 
The first speaker listed a number of Myths about Islam:  Muslims Worship a Moon God; Muslims Don't Believe in Jesus;  Most Muslims are Arabs;  Islam Oppresses Women; Muslims are Violent, Terrorist Extremists;  Islam is Intolerant of Other Faiths;  Islam promotes "Jihad" to kill Unbelievers;  The Quaran was Written by Muhammad and Copied from Jewish and Christian Sources;  Islamic Prayer is Ritualized Without Emotional Meaning;  The Crescent Moon is a Universal Symbol of Islam.  All of these statements are myths that the speaker refuted.  She was especially strong in defending the practice of having women wear headscarfs to cover their hair so they are not objects of male lust. Women are not liberated if men leer at them, and in the past Christian and Jewish religious women also wore veils, some still do.   Most Muslims are peace loving, the terrorist extremists are not representing the true Islam.
The speakers found the Danish cartoons offensive and believe that freedom of speech should not be used to protect speech that is not respectful of religious beliefs.  They did not object to us viewing them in class, however, understanding that it was difficult to criticize something one has not seen. 

Dismayed Danes wrestle with their sense of self Furor over cartoons challenges nation’s image of tolerance, reason The Associated Press Updated: 8:09 p.m. ET Feb. 6, 2006 COPENHAGEN, Denmark - Its embassies are ablaze, its boycotted industries are losing millions of dollars a day — and Denmark is reeling with dismay. A nation that prides itself on extensive humanitarian work, and usually gets only cursory media attention, suddenly finds itself denounced as evil. In the furor over publication of caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad, Danes are groping for ways to cool the anger and are reassessing their self-image. “Like many other young people, I traveled the world with a Danish flag on my rucksack. It opened doors because Denmark was known as a country that respected others, helped other countries,” said Villy Soevndal, who leads the opposition Socialist People’s Party. “This is scary,” Lea Steen, a 28-year-old student, of TV footage of shrieking protesters throughout the Muslim world burning Danish flags and setting the Danish embassies in Damascus and Beirut on fire. “We’ve seen it with U.S. or Israeli flags before, but it suddenly got a lot closer to our daily lives.” Pocketbook issues The effects are more than psychological for much of the business community. The Denmark-based dairy group Arla Foods says a boycott of its goods in some Islamic countries is costing it $1.6 million a day. Overall, Danish industry could lose $1.6 billion a year if the boycotts in place or threatened in 20 Muslim countries hold firm, said Steen Bocian of Danske Bank. Arla spokeswoman Astrid Gade Nielsen wondered whether the company can even win back consumers. “That will be a huge task,” she said. Denmark is also examining its own attitudes. The country is proud of its freedom of speech laws. The last slander conviction was in 1938, when a group of Danes were found guilty of agitating against Jews. Danes also tend to regard their nation as a paragon of reason and liberalism, pointing to the many immigrants it has accepted in recent decades, its willingness to take part in peacekeeping but not combat, and the presence of Danish aid workers in some of the world’s most wretched places. For Muslims, a different reality But Muslims in Denmark — some 200,000 of the country’s 5.4 million people — often see a much different image. They complain of being discriminated against and being denied jobs because of their religion. Many were distressed by statements by Queen Magrethe II in an official biography last year. There is “something scary about such totalitarianism that is also part of Islam,” the queen said. “Resistance must sometimes be shown, although one risks getting a not-so-flattering label.” The remarks were widely interpreted as the queen’s expressing outright opposition to Islam, although in Danish the statement implies argument rather than full opposition. Nonetheless, the comments added to tensions for Muslims in a country where the prevailing secularity, liberal sexual mores and affection for beer are deeply at odds with Islam. Muslims began to feel further oppressed when immigration laws were tightened in 2002, followed by restrictions on bringing in foreign-born spouses. Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen’s government won support for the measure in Parliament with votes from an anti-immigration party. About 15,000 Muslims — less than 10 percent of the Danish Islamic population — are loyal to a group of outspoken Copenhagen imams who were key in spreading complaints about the Muhammad drawings to Muslims in the Middle East. A look inward, a raw nerve The rising tensions of the last month have made some Danes question the extent to which xenophobia may lurk under the country’s cheerful surface. “I don’t want to live in a country that in order to love itself must look down on others,” writer Carsten Jensen said at a rally Sunday outside the Copenhagen office of Jyllands-Posten, the newspaper that first published the caricatures. The newspaper said it decided to solicit and print the drawings from various cartoonists in September as a gesture against what it perceived as a tendency to avoid criticizing Islam for fear of retaliation. A year earlier, Dutch filmmaker Theo Van Gogh was murdered in Amsterdam by a Muslim radical because he made a film critical of Islam. The drawings touched a raw nerve, in part because Islamic law is interpreted to forbid any depictions of the prophet. The newspaper has apologized for offending Muslims but not for the publication itself, which it justifies as permissible under freedom of expression laws. That position makes too fine a distinction for many Muslims. The government, meanwhile, has said it cannot apologize on behalf of an independent newspaper — words that have seemed only to stoke anger overseas. © 2006 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistribute

Feb 7.  -  Abolitionist Movement.  John Woolman.  Woolman House.    America in the King Years.   "I Have a Dream Speech"    audio/video   Video excerpts shown in class:  Eyes on the Prize

Current Events:  Syrians burn embassy.  Daneesh Cartuuns. at RU  Media Debate.  Betty Friedan dies.

               Chronology of Civil Rights Movement in our reader page 16, also in WEBCT. 

February 2 -  We will discuss the impact of social movements on current trends in Latin America and view part of a video on Hugo Chavez.    Dorothy Stang and the Environmental Movement in Para.  Piqueteros in Argentina, Slides   Piqueteiros:  article in English.

January 31 -  Our first class on Latin American Social Movements.  We will discuss the reading which is posted in WEBCT, along with a powerpoint that will also be posted.  We will view part of a video on the World Social Forum of 2003.  We will discuss current trends in the WSF.    News on the WSF in Caracas, January 2006.   Forum ends. 

January 30, 2006 Chavez Backs Sheehan Plan for Bush Protest By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Filed at 1:18 a.m. ET CARACAS, Venezuela (AP) -- Cindy Sheehan, who gained international fame when she camped outside President Bush's ranch in an anti-war protest, plans to pitch her tent again, Venezuela's president said Sunday as he urged activists worldwide to help bring down ''the U.S. empire.'' Hugo Chavez, an arm around Sheehan's shoulders, told a group of activists that she had told him ''she is going to put up her tent again in front of Mr. Danger's ranch'' in April. In some of his strongest recent comments aimed at Washington, Chavez condemned the Bush administration and said his audience should work toward ending U.S. dominance. ''Enough already with the imperialist aggression!'' Chavez said, listing countries from Panama to Iraq where the U.S. military has intervened. ''Down with the U.S. empire! It must be said, in the entire world: Down with the empire!'' Chavez said Sheehan had invited him to join her April protest at Bush's Crawford, Texas, ranch. Sheehan, whose 24-year-old soldier son Casey was killed in Iraq in 2004, held a vigil outside Bush's ranch during the president's vacation in August, attracting some 12,000 peace activists and reinvigorating the national anti-war movement. ''Maybe I'll put up my tent also,'' Chavez said, to applause from an audience invited to his weekly broadcast on the final day of the World Social Forum, an annual gathering of anti-war and anti-globalization activists. Chavez said his government would help protest the war in Iraq by supporting a drive to gather petitions and delivering them to the U.S. Embassy in Caracas. Chavez, who before the war in Iraq had friendly relations with Saddam Hussein, has been a frequent and strident critic of the war. Sheehan thanked Chavez for ''supporting life and peace.'' She said earlier that she was impressed by his sincerity when they met privately on Saturday. ''He said, 'Why don't I run for president?''' she said. ''I just laughed.'' Sheehan also noted that singer and activist Harry Belafonte recently called Bush ''the greatest terrorist in the world,'' and said, ''I agree with him. George Bush is responsible for killing tens of thousands of innocent people.'' Sheehan, who lives in Berkeley, Calif., said Saturday that she is strongly considering challenging Democratic Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California because the lawmaker will not support calls to immediately bring the troops home. Sheehan, 48, who was visiting Venezuela for the six-day forum, said running in the Democratic primary in June would help ''bring attention to all the peace candidates in the country.'' She said she will decide whether to run after talking with her three adult children in California. Feinstein's campaign manager, Kam Kuwata, said the senator did not support Bush and felt she had been misled by his administration. But with troops committed, Feinstein believes immediate withdrawal is unworkable, he said. ''Senator Feinstein's position is, 'Let's work toward quickly turning over the defense of Iraq to Iraqis so that we can bring the troops home as soon as possible,''' Kuwata said in an interview Saturday. Also joining Chavez on Sunday was Elma Beatriz Rosado, the widow of slain Puerto Rican nationalist Filiberto Ojeda Rios. Holding back tears as she stood at Chavez's side, Rosado accused the United States of killing her husband, a 72-year-old militant independence activist. Rios was slain in a September FBI raid on a Puerto Rican farmhouse where he was living in hiding while being wanted for the 1983 robbery of $7.2 million from a Wells Fargo armored truck depot in Connecticut -- funds intended for the independence cause. ''They murdered him,'' Chavez said. ''Viva Filiberto!... Let's follow his example.''

January 26 -  We will begin with a substantial portion of the video Faces of the Enemy by Sam Kean. This is described as:  "A powerful examination of "the enemy"—how we as individuals and nations see our enemies, dehumanize them, and what happens to "us" when we portray ourselves as heroes and "them" as evil subhumans. Documentary footage, interviews, political cartoons, and propaganda from many parts of the world analyze the psychological roots of enmity, exploring the universal images used in mass persuasion. The award-winning program suggests that conflicts can be resolved by discarding symbolic images of the enemy and meeting as human beings."

Some notes typed during the movie:

David Rice killed a family he thought to be communist.  Is his thinking different from ours? 

externalization - he trained for a welding job, got one job, lost it.  This means something is wrong with the country.

splitting -  Polarizing between "us" and "them", we are good, they are evil.  They are responsible for problems.. 

Plan to turn the world into a one-world communist government.  Picked up specifics from Jack Moore and the Christian Patriots group.  Troops on the Mexican border. 

Is Jack Moore delusional also?  Delusions are based on reality, even paranoids have enemies. 

Vladimir Posner, says that the world will one day be communist, laws of history as analyzed by Marx.  Posner later abandoned these beliefs as the Soviet system collapsed.

Do we collect only as many enemies as we need?  Do we have a need for enemies?  Does this apply to Saddam Hussein, Osama bin Laden?  Did he attack the WTC because we refused to acknowledge him as an important enemy?

In a war, you dehumanizse the enemy -  "they" are trying to kill "me" - they are different from us, like a different species.  In Vietnam soldiers were trained to see the enemy as an abstraction.  Films from WWII about the Japanese -  average solider 5 ' 3",  "he and his brother soldier are as much alike as prints from the same negative".

Image of Jews as rats in Nazi propaganda film. 

We will go on to discuss the leaders and movements in the reading on Terrorist Beliefs and Terrorists Lives.  Tamil Eelam Home Page. 

January 24.  We will look at generational change, beginning with the historical turning point of 2001, but also going back to changes since the 1940s.  The  "September 11, 2001:  A Turning Point for America's Future?"  covers a lot of this.  A Powerpoint version of this paper that will be presented in class is available here.  Other links.   1968 on Wikipedia.  1968:  a timeline of events.  Video of 1968 in Paris.  Video of Mexican Student Riots.     ABC coverage of Democratic Convention.  Dan Rather gets roughed up by security personnel.

January 19:
Because the book will not be available until mid-February,  I am distributing pages 3-14 in class.  These will be covered on the first quiz which will open tomorrow and close January 27.  The key point here is to understand the different theories about when movements emerge and to be able to apply them to cases.  These theories are not necessarily mutually exclusive, nor are they the only theories that might be advanced.  Some theories include:
    Worsening Economic, Class or Group Conditions Theories -  These are the classic, older theories, especially based in Marxist theory.  They assume that movements emerge because conditions are worsening for a specific group, e.g., workers, minorities, women.  This is sometimes true, but sometimes movements emerge when things are getting better.
    Frustrated Expectations Theories -  Movements emerge when things have been getting better, then suddenly take a turn for the worse.  Or when things are getting better faster for one group than for another, causing the group that is falling behind to feel frustrated.
    Resource Mobilization Theory - This focuses on Social Movement Organizations and the way they marshal their resources, just as corporations do in the market economy.  The organizations maximize their rational interest.  Movements emerge when movement organizations have had time and energy to mobilize resources.
    Political Process Theory - Social movements are a tactic used by political groups that find conventional political tactics inadequate to meet their goals.  Movements may emerge when groups become frustrated with the results of more conventional political activity.  Or they may believe that an opportunity is available because repression is less or because the state is unstable.
     Framing Theory - Movements emerge when people learn to define and think of problems in a certain way.  This is often done through books or speeches or other means of communication.  Competing movements seek to impose their "frame" on events.  Movements emerge when a large number of people become enthused about a new frame.
     Collective Identity Theory -  Movements emerge when organizers are able to politicize an existing group identity, or perhaps to create a new identity.  A group of people define themselves as entitled to certain benefits and organize to obtain them.
     Globalization Theory - Movements emerge in response to trends in the global economy that impact negatively on the interests of certain categories of people.
     Emotions of Protest Theory - (on page 7, distributed separately).  Organizers mobilize movements by exploiting people's fears and anxities, or by offering joys and excitements.