Global Marketing Test BankThis review page is divided into three sections: major models and frameworks, sample questions, and case analysis. No additional modifications will be made.
We have covered several major models and analytical frameworks during this course that enable you to analyze a situation in making marketing-related decisions.
1. Changes in consumer buying and usage habits in recessionary conditions (p. 93)
2. ABCD Model (p. 108): consumer access, buying, consumption, disposal as a framework to organize the examination of the various aspects of consumer response. Built on industrial models of B2B.
3. Drivers Model (p. 254): organizes a four-component model of various major factors that affect a business's strategies
4. Opportunity Matrix (p. 286): allows the company to compare perceived level of political risk and perceived level of opportunity in a destination market.
5. Types of Tariffs (p. 151)
6. Segmentation (p. 219) - grouping of consumers based on factors meaningful to our business.
7. Positioning (p. 235, 236, 240): Definition, gap analysis, types, use of positioning
8. Market Entry Flowchart (p. 283, 288) - a systematic analysis
9. Market Entry Table (p. 309) - why are certain methods chosen?
10. Analytical product models, comparative analysis of attributes (p. 357, 363): taste tests, product concept tests, conjoint analysis, analogy - these are methods from new product development that allow us to analyze consumer reactions to various product attributes
11. Product standardization, adaptation - in creating a global brand, when and what can be standardized? What can and should be adapted? Sanex case example
12. Branding and Country of Origin Effects (p. 404) - what types of brand emphasis can be given? What attributes of a brand contribute to the brand image?
13. Pricing (425, 435, 478): euro
14. Communications: model, adaptations - we examine the specific encoding that is chosen when communicating with consumers in various cultures. Do our meanings communicate what we intend? Can the message be decoded appropriately?
15. Sales, Table p. 494
16. Global E-commerce issues: p. 605, 611
The questions below illustrate the types of major issues that we have been covering in the course since the Midterm. There are varied formats. The test bank will be updated periodically to represent our discussions.
Chapter 11 – PRODUCT CONCEPTS
Ikea, the Swedish furniture chain, insists that all its stores carry
the basic product line with little room for adaptation to local tastes.
If research of the U.S. market showed that Americans preferred larger beds
than their Swedish counterparts, which
of the following strategies would be advisable
for Ikea?
a. standardization.
b. new product development.
c. adaptation.
d. withdraw from market.
e. lower prices to encourage attitude
change.
Answer: (c) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (A) Page: 346
In the Australian market, rather than manufacturing disposable diapers, Proctor & Gamble decided to import them since the size of the market did not warrant local manufacturing according to P&G. Unfortunately, by using packaging designed for the Asian region with non-English labeling, P&G alienated its customers in Australia. This is an example of improper:
a. global policy decisions.
b. pricing decisions.
c. brand policy decisions.
d. product policy decisions.
e. company policy decisions.
Answer: (d) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge: (F) Page: 347
Explain what could have been done to prevent the problem.
Suppose that you have been hired to correct the problem. What would you do?
The primary advantage to using a standardization approach to marketing a product in the international arena is:
a. minimization of costs (which can be
passed on to customers).
b. more profit.
c. less service complaints.
d. less product returns.
e. standard budgets.
Answer: (a) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (F) Page: 351
Which of the following would NOT be one of the five key product characteristics that contribute to its acceptance?
a. low service maintenance
b. relative advantage
c. compatibility
d. complexity
e. trialability
Answer: (a) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge:
(F) Page: 357-358
In the new product roundtable, a student brought in a product that promised to be a “tea for babies” that numbed their gums during teething. To what extent does the new product offer more perceived value to potential adopters than existing alternatives, would be a question that best fits with which of the following key product characteristics acceptance categories?
a. observability
b. relative advantage
c. compatibility
d. complexity
e. trialability
Answer: (b) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (A) Page: 357
Is the product consistent with existing values and attitudes of the individuals in the social system, would be a question that best fits with which of the following key product characteristics acceptance categories?
a. observability
b. relative advantage
c. compatibility
d. complexity
e. trialability
Answer: (c) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 357
Another student brought a “white fungus” product that required two hours of soaking before it could be used in a recipe for soup or stew. Is the product easy to understand or use, would be a question that best fits with which of the following key product characteristics acceptance categories?
a. observability
b. relative advantage
c. compatibility
d. complexity
e. trialability
Answer: (d) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge: (A) Page: 358
Also – a product example could consider how much change is required
of the consumer in adopting the product into their own lives.
Congruent innovations
Continuous innovations
Dynamically continuous innovations
Discontinuous innovations
If a consumer considered four attributes to be important in the purchase of a TV, by using ________________ the researcher might be able to determine the trade-offs between the different product attributes (such as purchase price or number of channels that could be received) when the consumer evaluated the alternatives for eventual purchase.
a. chi-square
b. correlation analysis
c. focus groups
d. regression analysis
e. conjoint analysis
Answer: (e) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge:
(A) Page: 363
A(n) ________________ is essentially a field experiment where the new product is marketed in a select set of cities to assess its sales potential and scores of other performance measures.
a. attitude screen
b. product model
c. product concept
d. test market
e. focus concept
Answer: (d) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge:
(F) Page: 367
CHAPTER 12 – BRAND CONCEPTS
A ____________ is a name, term, sign, symbol, or combination
of them which is intended to identify the goods and services of one
seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors.
a. trademark
b. patent
c. signature
d. brand equity
e. brand
Answer: (e) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (F) Page: 377
Brand-name awareness, perceived quality, and other associations invoked by the brand name in the customer’s mind are all illustrations of the concept called _______________.
a. proprietary investments.
b. brand equity.
c. brand warranty.
d. local brand name.
e. brand mark.
Answer: (b) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge: (F) Page: 377
. All of the following are items that might be used as a checklist for analyzing globalization propositions EXCEPT:
a. What is the cost of creating and maintaining
awareness and associations for a
local brand
versus a global one?
b. Are there significant economies of
scale in the creation and running of a communication program globally?
c. Is there value to associations of
a global brand or of a brand associated with the source country?
d. Is global branding a requirement
of forming strategic alliances?
e. What local associations will be generated
by the global name?
Answer: (d) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 386
With respect to a brand name changeover strategy, the _________________ strategy ties the new global brand name to the existing local brand name. After a transition period, the old name is dropped.
a. transparent forewarning
b. summary axing
c. fade-in/fade-out
d. pyramid focusing
e. parallel dimension
Answer: (c) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (F) Page: 386
Euro Disney eventually becoming Disneyland Paris (where the Euro shrunk until “land” could be added in its place) is an example of which of the following brand name changeover strategies?
a. transparent forewarning
b. summary axing
c. fade-in/fade-out
d. pyramid focusing
e. parallel dimension
Answer: (c) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 386
When Mars candy company took over Raider candy products and used the theme line “Now Raider becomes Twix, for it is Twix everywhere in the world,” the company used the ________________ strategy for changing brand names.
a. transparent forewarning
b. summary axing
c. fade-in/fade-out
d. pyramid focusing
e. parallel dimension
Answer: (a) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge: (A) Page: 387
When Matsushita uses brand names like JVC and Panasonic as their banner brands, they are using a(n) ___________________ system.
a. domestic branding
b. national branding
c. manufacturer’s branding
d. store branding or private labeling
e. umbrella (corporate) branding
Answer: (e) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 391
. When Nokia (a leading maker of cellular phones) consolidated scores of brand names into their one ____________________ brand, they found that strength occurred because consumers were able to equate the Nokia quality with more products.
a. domestic brand
b. national brand
c. manufacturer’s brand
d. store brand or private label
e. umbrella or banner brand
Answer: (e) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (A) Page: 391
Deciding to move toward global branding is a difficult decision. This must often be considered with respect to the globalization versus localization issue. What are the questions that might be useful in reaching a decision as to whether to pursue globalization over localization?
Answer:
The question asks you to speculate on the applicability of global versus local brand names. Obviously, cultural differences are a heavy factor. One way to begin the discussion is to remind the students of David Aaker’s list for analyzing global propositions:
1). What is the cost of creating and maintaining awareness and associations
for
a local brand versus a global one?
2). Are there significant economies of scale in the creation and
running of a
communication program globally?
3). Is there value to associations of a global brand or of a brand
associated with
the source country?
4). What local associations will be generated by the global name?
symbol?
slogan? imagery?
5). Is it culturally and legally do-able to use the brand name, symbol,
slogan
across the different countries?
6). What is the value of the awareness and associations that a regional
brand
might create?
CHAPTER 13 - PRICING
When developing a pricing strategy for its global markets, one of the first steps that a company must go through is to decide:
a. what the actual price should be.
b. how high or low to price.
c. how much money will the price bring
in.
d. what it wants to accomplish with
its strategy.
e. what form of controls will regulate
price.
Answer: (d) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge: (F) Page: 415
. In the international marketplace, _________________ pricing adds international costs and a mark-up to the domestic manufacturing cost.
a. dynamic incremental pricing
b. export price
c. import price
d. cost-plus price
e. target-return price
Answer: (d) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge: (F) Page: 416-417
Examples of exporting-related ____________________ include manufacturing costs, shipping expenses, insurance, and overseas promotional costs.
a. incremental costs
b. demand costs
c. fixed costs
d. target costs
e. service costs
Answer: (a) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (F) Page: 417
When demand is highly price sensitive, the company needs to consider how it can _________________ from a global perspective.
a. raise prices
b. lower prices
c. lower service
d. raise quality
e. reduce costs
Answer: (e) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (F) Page: 417
Recall the examples we had in class of the Japanese products being too
expensive for the Indian market if the current price, given in US$, is
retained.
.
If Wrigley chewing gum company were to make 3-stick rather than
5-stick packages of gum for the Philippines market, this would be an example
of _______________ for low per-capita income market.
a. downsizing
b. upgrading
c. synthesis
d. copying
e. paralleling
Answer: (a) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 417
Sales tax rates, tariffs, and price controls are all examples of _______________ that can have a direct or indirect impact on the pricing policies of a firm in the international marketplace.
a. sales volume policies
b. price policies
c. government policies
d. restrictions
e. punishments
Answer: (c) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge:
(A) Page: 420
There are two ways to deal with the price escalation phenomenon. One of these methods is to cut the export price. The other is to:
a. change the promotion strategy.
b. position the product as a (super)
premium brand.
c. position the product as a lower quality
brand.
d. reduce retailer margins.
e. reduce distances that the good must
be shipped.
Answer: (b) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge: (A) Page: 421
There’s many more than this! You can reduce the Cost Insurance
and Freight. You can use FTZ’s. MANY MORE!
When the U.S. levied a 10 percent tax on plus-$30,000 luxury cars, Land
Rover changed the weight of Range Rover models so they could be classed
as a truck and thereby avoid the luxury status, the company was attempting
to follow which of the
price strategies listed below for lowering
the price of an exported product?
a. rearrange the distribution channel.
b. eliminate costly features (or make
them optional).
c. downsize the product.
d. adapt the product to escape tariffs
or tax levies.
e. assemble or manufacture the product
in foreign markets.
Answer: (d) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (A) Page: 421
Which of the following are considered to be exporter strategies when the domestic (home market) currency is weak?
a. conduct conventional cash-for-goods
trade.
b. engage in nonprice competition by
improving quality, delivery, and aftersale
service.
c. improve productivity and engage in
vigorous cost reduction.
d. shift sourcing and manufacturing
overseas.
e. give priority to exports to relatively
strong-currency countries.
Answer: (a) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge:
(F) Page: 425, Exhibit 13-3
CHAPTER 14
In Spanish, five different words can be used for the word “tires” (cauchos,
cubiertas, gomas, llantas, and neumaticos). Obviously, this
might present problems in advertising. This would be an example of
which of the following types of translation
errors?
a. simple carelessness.
b. idioms.
c. local slang.
d. multiple-meaning words.
e. incorrect grammar.
Answer: (d) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge:
(A) Page: 449
In an advertising message, the original slogan was “Body by Fisher.” The translation in a foreign market was “Corpse by Fisher.” This would be an example of which of the following constraints on international promotion?
a. language barriers.
b. advertising regulations.
c. cultural constraints.
d. local attitudes toward advertising.
e. poor media infrastructure.
Answer: (a) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (A) Page: 449
As an illustration of a barrier to advertising standardization, Ray-Ban had to re-shoot a sunglasses commercial for Malaysia because the original version had Caucasian actors. In Malaysia, ads featuring Caucasians are not allowed. This example would be an example of which of the following barriers to standardization of international advertising?
a. cultural differences.
b. budget.
c. advertising regulations.
d. differences in the degree of market
development.
e. the “Not Invented Here” syndrome.
Answer: (c) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 461
Sampling, price-offs, coupons, sweepstakes, bonus packs, and trade allowances are all examples of ____________________.
a. advertising
b. sales promotion
c. direct marketing
d. public relations
e. publicity
Answer: (b) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 477
CHAPTER 15 - Personal Selling
What is meant by power distance? How can it affect how people relate
to each other in a personal selling situation?
The form of selling that best describes the way that the majority of
cars are sold in
Japan is:
a. at car lots or dealerships.
b. via the Internet.
c. by door-to-door salespeople.
d. direct from the manufacturer.
e. via used car lots.
Answer: (c) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 485
. Selling through an Export Management Company (EMC) or an Export Trading
Company (ETC) is considered a _____________
involvement approach to
international sales.
a. low
b. middle
c. high
d. backward
e. parallel
Answer: (a) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (F) Page: 488
Which of the following degrees of involvement would probably be in use
when
there is a traveling global sales force and
high technology experts are used by the
firm?
a. limited foreign involvement and visibility
b. local management and sales force
c. expatriate management and local sales
force (mixed)
d. heavy to complete expatriate sales
force
e. maximum global control and world
wide ownership
Answer: (d) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 489, Exhibit 15-2
. Based on Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions scale, which of the
following
countries most likely scores high on
the power distance scale?
a. Japan
b. United States
c. Germany
d. Australia
e. Canada
Answer: (a) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (A) Page: 494, Exhibit 15-3
Based on Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions scale, which of the following
countries most likely scores high on
the individualism versus collectivism scale?
a. Japan
b. United States
c. China
d. Mexico
e. Pakistan
Answer: (b) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (A) Page: 494, Exhibit 15-3
Based on Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions scale, which of the following
countries most likely scores high on
the long-term orientation scale?
a. Hong Kong
b. United States
c. Great Britain
d. Germany
e. Pakistan
Answer: (a) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 494, Exhibit 15-3
If a company attempted to integrate men and women in the sales force
in Saudi
Arabia, the company would have to deal with
__________________ problems.
a. focus
b. vision
c. mission
d. corporate culture
e. country culture
Answer: (e) Difficulty: (1) Knowledge: (A) Page: 493-494
Setting sales force objectives internationally will not only depend
on the company
goals but will also depend on:
a. the training procedures.
b. the recruiting procedures.
c. the evaluation procedures.
d. an analysis of the culture and the
values of the country it is entering.
e. management standards for excellence.
Answer: (d) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (F) Page: 497
Not all United States sales methods or systems can automatically be
exported abroad. Considering the information provided by research
on different cultural dimensions, why might it be difficult to adopt a
U.S.-style commission system for salespeople in such countries as Japan
or Mexico. Be sure to remember how these two countries might rank
on the five cultural dimension scales.
CHAPTER 16 - Retailing and Distribution
Consider the KFC video that we viewed in class. Even though the video represents KFC's entrance into Japan several years ago, many of the same operating principles apply today with global firm's expansion into many new markets. Explain.
2. In our discussion of the Tricon Branding article, we learned that
KFC has been the target of some protest actions following the September
11, 2001 events. KFC has 5,000 US restaurants and 6,000 abroad (Nov.
26, 2001), including stores in more than 80 countries. How can KFC's analysts
use the notion of political risk to estimate such threats?
http://www.prsgroup.com/
_____________ is defined as the design and management
of a system that directs
and controls the flows of materials into, through
and out of the firm across national
boundaries to achieve its corporate objectives at
a minimum total cost.
a. Global goods flow
b. Global distribution
c. Global logistics
d. Global wholesaling
e. Global shipping
Answer: (c) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (F) Page: 514
Multinational corporations can use _______________ as a strategic tool
in dealing
with currency fluctuations and as a hedge
against inflation.
a. buying power
b. just-in-time management
c. just-in-time delivery
d. purchasing management
e. inventory
Answer: (e) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge: (F) Page: 519
When companies like Dell Computer and Chrysler (that rely heavily on
components
such as auto parts and computer chips) are
able to take advantage of free trade zones,
they usually do it by having:
a. cheap parts sent to their manufacturing
facility from abroad.
b. their manufacturing facilities designated
as subzones of an FTZ.
c. buying cheap “dumped” products.
d. creating gray markets.
e. by passing customs because of being
designated a security area.
Answer: (b) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge:
(A) Page: 529
CHAPTER 17 - EXPORTING
1. We considered numerous standard export forms in class. One is the "country of origin" form. Describe what this concept means and why it is so important in global trade.
2. As an aid to expanding information about world trade, increasingly,
international
marketing information is available in the
form of _____________________.
a. CD-ROMs.
b. electronic encyclopedias.
c. electronic databases.
d. CIA reports.
e. government intelligence reports.
Answer: (c) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (F) Page: 544
3. We used several electronic databases in class to research exporting laws, regulations, market research information, and documentation. Describe one of the databases and its usefulness to an exporter.
4. Conducting export research on China and Russia would best be done by:
a. doing database research.
b. doing on-line searches.
c. doing field work.
d. using existing government facts and
figures.
e. using data supplied by trade missions.
Answer: (c) Difficulty: (2) Knowledge: (A) Page: 544
5. Explain your answer.
When the exporter quotes a price for the goods, including charges for
delivery
of the goods alongside a vessel at a port
(the seller covers all costs of unloading and
wharfage at the shipment port and the buyer
covers all other charges to get the goods
to the buyer), this form of terms of shipment
is called:
a. ex-works.
b. free alongside ship (FAS).
c. free on board (FOB).
d. cost and freight (CFR).
e. Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF).
Answer: (b) Difficulty: (3) Knowledge:
(A) Page: 555 Exhibit 17-6
CHAPTER - E-COMMERCE
1. We looked at several barriers to e-commerce in various country settings.
Name three and explain why they are barriers.
2. How can infrastructure affect individuals' likelihood of adopting Internet service?
3. One of the major limitations on consumer purchasing on the Internet
is:
a. Products are not available that they seek
b. Prices are not acceptable on web site
c. They often do not have a credit card to make their purchases
d. Consumers always prefer to see products in person
SANEX QUESTIONS: you many have a short case described on the final. Be prepared to answer questions similar to those used in the Sanex case
Consider the Sanex case in the text. The product under consideration
is a liquid hand soap. Here is a link to an online site so that you can
see the product and some competitors.
http://store.europe.yahoo.com/pharmacy2u-uk/personal-care-bath---shower-preparations-soaps---handwash-liquid-soap.html
1. Following up on your new product question about the research you’d want to conduct, comment on the appropriateness of the research conducted for Sanex. If you were a product manager who could give the “go ahead” for the product, would you? How would you have designed the initial research?
2. Analyze this product in terms of product innovativeness and change concepts used in class.
3. Sanex was initially introduced with a Spanish theme. In moving to other markets, suppose that you were considering whether any local market adaptations were necessary, such as those we discussed in your assignment (e.g. color, scent, etc). How would you determine their importance?
4. Suppose the product were under consideration for export to a lesser developed country where liquid handsoap is not known. How would you analyze the degree of behavioral change assumed by the product design?
5. The name “Sanex” was created in order to make this brand a Eurobrand, and later a global brand. Suppose that CVL could have acquired a local brand instead in Spain, such as Henkel or Nivea. What do you advise?
6. Let’s just suppose that CVL acquired Ernopon and was attempting to determine whether to use fade in/fade out, transparent forewarning, summary axing, or a dual new brand plus local strategy. How would you analyze the situation and make recommendations? Please draw connections to our discussions of "Shark".
7. Sanex was initially priced as a “premium” product in Spain as a signal of high quality. The product was later taken to several other countries with great success, such France. Suppose that you were asked to investigate pricing strategies for the EU given the impending date for euro integration.
8. Suppose that you are considering bringing the product to India, but are concerned that the price is higher than the typical consumer might accept. You consider using a target price approach rather than a cost-based approach. Explain.
9. The promotion for the product needed to encode the message of “healthy skin” in a way that allowed consumers to decode the message accurately. One ad showed a woman kissing a man’s armpit. Explain possible problems in terms of encoding and decoding.
10. Consumer education was used early in the process. Why?
STARBUCKS CASE:
1. What type of brand positioning is Starbucks attempting to
use?
2. Recent studies have identified Starbucks as a successful global
brand.
a. What is a global brand? Can you define it?
b. Why can we consider Starbucks to be a global brand?
3. Starbucks took a way of doing business that was developed in the
United States and has successfully brought that business format to other
markets. Is their approach ethnocentric? Why or why not?
ANHEUSER BUSCH CASE:
1. What model can we use to help AB management determine whether
they should enter a certain market?
2. The spending power of consumers in many foreign markets is often reduced due to currency fluctuations. How could AC modify their marketing to maximize consumer value?
3. AB originally intended to utilize advertising developed for Hispanic
markets in the United States. Would these be likely to communicate correctly
to persons in AB's destination markets of Mexico and Brazil? Why
or why not? Can you use the communications model to support your
point?
PEPSI ONE:
1. This product was introduced to other markets as "PEPSI MAX."
We have studied the importance of branding in a global context. Did Pepsi
follow the correct strategy?
2. In choosing the name Pepsi One, the benefit of maximum taste is removed from the name as a benefit cue. Do you agree or disagree with this move? Explain.
3. Research needed to be carried out to determine whether gender is a relevant variable in the U.S. market and what attributes were the key drivers of product purchase. This must be done before new advertising can be designed. Discuss the type of research that you would recommend in order to answer these major questions.
4. Suppose we were going to use the communications model to analyze and diagnose U.S. consumers' reactions to ads for Pepsi One that are aimed at young adventurous men. We want to design a study testing women's reactions to the current series of ads using Cuba Gooding Jr. What type of information would we want to examine?
5. There were several major problems with using the European data to build a strategy for the U.S. market. Identify and discuss three of the problem areas.
6. We considered the "House of Quality" article in terms of the Pepsi
One case.First, describe the major ideas in the articles. Next, suggest
a possible analysis for Pepsi One using the frameworks that are proposed.
WAL-MART
1. Suppose you were going to consult with WM in determining
a site selection plan. You have studied information about how consumers
shop in Brazil. What type of site might maximize your ability to meet consumer
needs?
2. Consumers are known to buy in bulk in Brazil and to have their families accompany them in their shopping trips. There are several ways to buy in bulk: single large packages, multiple small packages, and so forth. Which method would you recommend for WM and why?
3. How does this case compare to the video shown regarding Kentucky
Fried Chicken's entry into Japan? Suppose that you showed the KFC
video to a group of managers for KFC's international division. What would
you want them to learn?
AOL
1. What is the difference betweeen the technology of AOL as a service
and the appliance used to make it available? Did AOL take this into account?
2. Joint venture partners can help with acquiring market access if they are the "right" fit with a company's needs. Comment on the original AOL joint venture discussed in the case.
3. Suppose that you were consulting with AOL back at the
time of their entry into Japan. Describe and defend three types of research
that you would recommend.
THE GAP
1. GAP has three different store formats at different levels of cost and quality. How can these formats be utilized when consumer spending power has been reduced?
2. Compare and contrast the market entry strategies chosen for Germany and Japan.
3. It is wise to work with an advertising agency in Germany in addressing
potential regulations in that market. Why?